Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

The association of 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake of PET with polymorphisms in the glucose transporter gene (SLC2A1) and hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A, VEGFA, APEX1) in non-small cell lung cancer. SLC2A1 polymorphisms and FDG-PET in NSCLC patients

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research volume 29, Article number: 69 (2010) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Positron emission tomography imaging of lung cancers with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose is a non-invasive diagnostic, and prognostic tool that measures tumor metabolism. We have analyzed the effect of solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 polymorphisms on 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-uptake with a combination of polymorphisms of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease, and vascular endothelial growth factor A in a hypoxia-related pathway.

Methods

We investigated the association between solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 -2841A>T, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha Pro582Ser, Ala588Thr, apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease Asp148Glu, or vascular endothelial growth factor A +936C>T and 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-uptake among 154 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

Results

The solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 -2841A>T polymorphism was significantly associated with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-uptake in combination with the apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease Asp148Glu (T>G) polymorphism in the squamous cell type of non-small-cell lung cancer. The solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 TT genotype had a higher maximum standardized uptake values than the AA + AT genotype when the apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease genotype was TT (mean maximum standardized uptake values, 12.47 ± 1.33 versus 8.46 ± 2.90, respectively; P = 0.028). The mean maximum standardized uptake values were not statistically different with respect to vascular endothelial growth factor A and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha polymorphisms.

Conclusion

A glucose transporter gene polymorphism was shown to be statistically associated with glucose-uptake when the apurinic/apyimidinic endonuclease genotype is TT in patients with the squamous cell type of non-small-cell lung cancer. Our findings suggest that a newly developed tracer for positron emission tomography could be affected by genetic polymorphisms.

Introduction

Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of malignant tumors with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) as a tracer (FDG uptake depends on glucose uptake) is a non-invasive diagnostic, and prognostic tool that measures tumor metabolism. FDG-PET has been shown to have the ability to diagnose disease. Moreover, FDG-PET is used for treatment planning and is used to evaluate the response to therapy [1]. The SLC2A1 (also called glucose transporter type 1, GLUT1) gene is the primary glucose transporter gene in human lung cancer [2].

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1a (HIF-1a) controls oxygen delivery via angiogenesis and metabolic adaptation to hypoxia via glycolysis [3]. HIF-1a regulates SLC2A1 gene expression in cells that are subjected to hypoxic conditions [4]. Many cellular proteins interact with or are under the control of HIF1-a. HIF-1a overexpression and enhanced transcriptional activity are linked to tumor initiation and progression. Indeed, a large number of clinicopathologic studies have confirmed that unlike mature normal tissues, HIF-1a is overexpressed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of 40%-80% of human carcinomas, including lung, breast, head and neck, endometrial cancers, melanomas, and sarcomas [5, 6]. Recently, Fu et al. [7] and Koukourakis et al. [8] showed that a HIF1A gene polymorphism affected HIF-1a protein expression.

The expression of the downstream SLC2A1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) genes are regulated by a HIF1A-activated transcription pathway. VEGFA is the major mediator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability and transcription of this gene under hypoxic conditions depends on HIF-1a induction. A C>T polymorphism at position 936 in the 3' untranslated region of the VEGFA gene has been associated with the plasma levels of VEGFA [9]. The T variant, which is linked to lower VEGFA levels, has been associated with colon cancer [10] and low FDG uptake [11]. These findings suggest a potential role of the VEGFA 936C>T polymorphism for the variability of FDG uptake in tumor tissues.

One important mammalian redox modulator is the bifunctional enzyme Redox factor-1 (Ref-1, also termed APEX1), that promotes transcriptional activation of HIF-1 or hypoxia inducible factor-like factor (HLF) by reducing C-terminal domain of HIF-1 or HLF [12], although the major role of this enzyme is DNA base excision repair [13]. Recently, APEX polymorphisms have been the focus of studies involving several different types of cancer, including colorectal [14], breast [15], and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [16]. These results suggested the involvement of APEX1 in the development of lung cancer.

The proteins encoded by SLC2A1 and VEGFA are under the control of HIFA gene expression. An effect of these gene polymorphisms on glucose uptake to modify FDG-uptake could be influenced by the interaction of proteins in a common pathway. In this study, we have determined the impact of SLC2A1 polymorphisms on FDG-uptake (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax]) using a pathway-based approach with a combination of HIFA, APEX1, and VEGFA gene polymorphisms that might influence glucose uptake.

Materials and methods

1. Patient characteristics

Patients suspected of having lung cancer were prospectively recruited between October 2005 and October 2008. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) patients had a pathologically-confirmed diagnosis of NSCLC (2) and peripheral blood lymphocytes and FDG-PET images were available for analysis. Patients had a standard staging work-up that included fibroscopy, a chest and abdominal CT scan, brain MRI or CT imaging, and FDG-PET. One hundred fifty-four patients with NSCLC met the inclusion criteria with a median follow-up time of 7.5 months (range, 0.13 - 29.5 months). There were 62 deaths (40.3%) during the study period.

Single nucleotide polymorphism Selection

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were chosen for non-synonymous coding polymorphisms or for clinically-associated polymorphisms described in previous studies. The following SNPs were selected in this study: SLC2A1 -2841A>T (rs710218), VEGFA+936C>T (rs3025039) [NM_001025366.1:c.*237C>T], APEX1 Asp148Glu (T>G, rs1130409) [NM_001641.2:c.444T>G], HIF1A Pro582Ser (C>T, rs11549465) [NM_001530.2:c.1744C>T], and HIF1A Ala588Thr (G>A, rs11549467) [NM_001530.2:c.1762G>A].

Genotyping

The SNaPshot assay was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions (ABI PRISM SNaPShot Multiplex kit; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). Briefly, the genomic DNA flanking the SNP of interest was amplified with the use of a PCR reaction with forward and reverse primer pairs and standard PCR reagents. The 10 μL reaction volume contained 10 ng of genomic DNA, 0.5 pM of each oligonucleotide primer, 1 mL of 10× PCR buffer, 250 μM dNTP (2.5 mM each), and 0.25 units i-StarTaq DNA Polymerase (5 units/μL; iNtRON Biotechnology, Sungnam, Kyungki-Do, Korea). PCR reactions were carried out as follows: 10 min at 95°C for 1 cycle, and 35 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, followed by 1 extension cycle at 72°C for 10 min. After amplification, the PCR products were treated with 1 U each of shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and exonuclease I (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) at 37°C for 75 min and 72°C for 15 min to purify the amplified products. One μL of the purified amplification products was added to a SNaPshot Multiplex Ready reaction mixture containing 0.15 pmol of genotyping primer for a primer extension reaction. The primer extension reaction was carried out for 25 cycles of 96°C for 10 sec, 50°C for 5 sec, and 60°C for 30 sec. The reaction products were treated with 1 U of SAP at 37°C for 1 hr and 72°C for 15 min to remove excess fluorescent dye terminators. One μL of the final reaction samples containing the extension products was added to 9 μL of Hi-Di formamide (Applied Biosystems). The mixture was incubated at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 5 min on ice, then the mixture was analyzed by electrophoresis on an ABI Prism 3730xl DNA analyzer. Analysis was carried out using Genemapper software (version 3.0; Applied Biosystems). Table 1 shows the primer sets and Tm used for the SNaPshot assay.

Table 1 Primers for amplification and allele frequencies of hypoxia-related polymorphisms
Full size table

F-18 FDG PET

F-18 FDG PET imaging was performed with a dedicated PET/CT scanner (Gemini; Philips, Milpitas, CA USA) that consisted of a dedicated germanium oxyorthosilicate full-ring PET scanner and a dual-slice helical CT scanner. The standard patient preparation included at least 8 hours of fasting and patients with a serum glucose level < 120 mg/dL before F-18 FDG administration. PET/CT imaging was performed 60 minutes after the injection of F-18 FDG. Sixty minutes after the administration of F-18 FDG, low-dose CT (30 mAs, 120 kV) covering the area from the base of the skull to the proximal thighs was performed for the purpose of attenuation correction and precise anatomic localization. Thereafter, an emission scan was conducted in the three-dimensional mode. The emission scan time per bed position was 3 minutes and 9 bed positions were acquired. PET data were obtained using a high-resolution whole body scanner with an axial field of view of 18 cm. The average total PET/CT examination time was 30 minutes. After scatter and decay correction, PET data were reconstructed iteratively with attenuation correction and were reoriented in axial, sagittal, and coronal slices. A row action maximum-likelihood algorithm was used for three-dimensional reconstruction.

Visual assessment and quantitative analysis

Experienced nuclear medicine physicians blinded to the results of other imaging modalities and the pathologic findings reviewed the F-18 FDG PET/CT scans. The medical records, including treatment regimens, other medical imaging modalities, and fine needle aspiration biopsies, were reviewed and analyzed. Two experienced nuclear medicine physicians independently reviewed the PET/CT images and any disagreement was resolved by consensus. To calculate the SUVmax, manually-defined circular regions of interest (ROI) were drawn on the attenuation-corrected emission images throughout the axial planes where a suspicious lesion could be delineated.

Statistical analysis

The association between the mean SUVmax and clinicopathologic factors was analyzed using a two-tailed Pearson's chi-squared or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. Differences in groups for the mean SUVmax values were tested using one-way ANOVA or the t-test as appropriate. For the t-test, we assessed the equality of variance with Levene's test. Differences were considered significant when the P value was < 0.05. Statistical analysis and Kaplan-Meier curves were performed with SPSS (version 14.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

1. Patient characteristics

The median patient age was 65 years (range, 28-84 years); 114 (74.0%) of the patients were men. The majority (83.1%) of patients had stage III or IV disease. Seventy-five of the patients (48.7%) had adenocarcninomas and 79 (51.3%) had squamous cell carcinomas. The clinicopathologic data are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Patient characteristics
Full size table

2. Genotype information

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed for all SNPs. The frequencies of the AA, AT, and TT genotypes of SLC2A1 -2841A>T were 51.7%, 37.7%, and 10.6%, respectively. Other genotype frequencies are listed in Table 3. Using the Haploview v. 4.0 software package, we constructed haplotypes of HIF1A Pro582Ser and Ala588Thr. HIF1A was nearly monomorphic and CCGG was most commonly observed with a frequency of 81.6%.

Table 3 Allele frequencies of SLC2A1, VEGFA, APEX1, and HIF1A polymorphisms
Full size table

3. Association of SNPs with the mean SUVmax

No statistical differences were observed between the SNPs and the mean SUVmax when the patients were not stratified. We classified the patients into two groups according to the histologic cell type (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). There were no significant differences between the SNPs and the mean SUVmax in patients with adenocarcinomas. In patients with squamous cell carcinomas, the mean SUVmax of the SLC2A1 TT and AA + AT genotypes (recessive model) were 10.64 ± 2.26 and 9.07 ± 2.79, respectively, with no statistical significance (P = 0.130, Table 4).

Table 4 Association between gene polymorphisms of hypoxia-related genes and the mean SUVmax in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (n = 78)
Full size table

4. Association of SNPs on the mean SUVmax in squamous cell carcinomas

We analyzed subgroups according to the combinations of SLC2A1, VEGFA, APEX1, and HIF1A polymorphisms in patients with squamous cell carcinomas. The SLC2A1 -2841A>T polymorphism was significantly associated with the mean SUVmax in the recessive model of SLC2A1 -2841A>T in combination with the APEX1 polymorphism (Table 5). For the TT genotype of APEX1, the SLC2A1 TT genotype had a higher SUVmax than the AA + AT genotype (12.47 ± 1.33 versus 8.46 ± 2.90, respectively; P = 0.028, Table 5). The other combinations of SLC2A1, VEGFA, and HIF1A polymorphisms were not associated with the mean SUVmax.

Table 5 Association between the SLC2A1 -2841A>T gene polymorphism and the mean SUVmax in patients with squamous cell carcinoma according to the APEX1 genotype
Full size table

Discussion

Although there have been several reports that have described an association between hypoxia-related genes and SUVmax in patients with lung cancer [17, 18], this is the first study that has evaluated the impact of SLC2A1 gene polymorphisms on FDG-uptake in conjunction with the HIF-1a-activated transcription pathway in patients with NSCLC. With this pathway-based approach, we have demonstrated that SLC2A1 TT is statistically associated with a high FDG-uptake in combination with the TT genotype of APEX1 in patients with the squamous cell type of NSCLC. Interestingly, the SLC2A1 TT and APEX1 TT genotypes are risk alleles associated with the clinical outcome of several diseases, including diabetes and other malignancies [19, 20].

FDG-uptake of PET, expressed as the SUVmax, is largely dependent on glucose metabolism in lung cancer. SLC2A1 is the primary glucose transporter of glucose metabolism and overexpression of SLC2A1 has an important role in the survival and rapid growth of cancer cells in a suboptimal environment [2]. High FDG uptake is associated with reduced overall survival and disease-free survival of patients [21].

SLC2A1 protein expression was shown to differ based on the histologic type in patients with NSCLC. The expression of SLC2A1 in squamous cell carcinomas was higher than adenocarcinomas[2]. Growth rate has been reported to be faster in squamous cell carcinomas, but slower in adenocarcinomas [22], and lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism [23]. In our study, the significance of SLC2A1 gene polymorphisms on FDG-uptake was consistently observed for squamous cell carcinomas, but not for adenocarcinomas.

The functional effect of the SLC2A1 -2841A>T polymorphism has not been completely characterized. A hypoxia response element (HRE) is located 400 bp downstream from the A-2841T site. The close proximity of the polymorphism to the HRE may modify the binding affinity of HIF-1 and may alter the efficiency of the promoter and expression of SLC2A1 [19]. The effect of the SLC2A1 polymorphism could be due to causative or linkage disequilibrium.

Although the XbaI polymorphism of SLC2A1 is a well-known polymorphism in diabetes, the association between diabetic nephropathy and the XbaI polymorphism in the SLC2A1 gene has been controversial in several case-control studies [24–26]. Furthermore, the polymorphic XbaI site is located on the second intron of the SLC2A1 gene. The allele cannot possibly cause changes in the protein sequence, and thus no change would be expected in SLC2A1 expression. Therefore, we did not evaluate the XbaI polymorphism of SLC2A1.

APEX1 promotes transcriptional activation of HIF-1 and HLF [12]. Reduced APEX1 protein expression demonstrated a reduction in tumor volume and FDG uptake, indicating that APEX1 affects glucose metabolism and cellular proliferation [27]. Homozygosity (TT genotype) for the APEX1 Asp148Glu variant genotype was significantly associated with a poorer overall survival [20].

Based on the observation that the statistical significance of a SLC2A1 gene polymorphism was clearly identified in combination with an APEX1 gene polymorphism, we reasoned that the clinical impact of a SLC2A1 gene polymorphism on FDG-uptake might be minimal in late stage NSCLC. The significant effect of the APEX1 TT genotype on the mean SUVmax with a SLC2A1 gene polymorphism in this study suggests a role for the APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism in FDG-uptake. However, an additional functional study for the effect of APEX1 gene polymorphisms on FDG-uptake at the cellular level should be performed.

We did not analyze SLC2A1 polymorphisms based on the genotype of HIF1A due to the nearly monomorphic status of HIF1A (the frequencies of HIF1A minor alleles were < 1%). These genotype frequencies were very similar to frequencies reported in a previous study by Kuwai et al. [28]. Kuwai and colleagues reported a CT polymorphism in 11%, but an absence of TT in the Japanese population. Moreover, despite the association of HIF1A polymorphisms with HIF-1a expression, there was no association of polymorphisms with the expression of the down-stream proteins encoded by SLC2A1 and VEGFA [8].

VEGFA is the major mediator of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Transcription of VEGFA under hypoxic conditions depends on HIF-1a induction. Although FDG-uptake has been correlated significantly with VEGFA expression in patients with NSCLC [18], we did not observe an effect of the VEGFA+936C>T polymorphism on FDG-uptake. An association between the VEGFA+936C>T polymorphism and FDG-uptake has been rarely reported for patients with NSCLC. Wolf et al. [11] reported that the VEGFA+936C>T polymorphism is associated with FDG-uptake in breast cancer patients. The FDG-uptake data in the study by Wolf et al. [11] was expressed as categorical data (low, medium, and high uptake) and not as a SUVmax, as in the present study; thus, we cannot directly compare the values of SUVmax obtained in the present study. Another possible explanation was a difference in the study population. The population in the study by Wolf et al. [11] was breast cancer patients, while the study population in the present study was lung cancer patients. Recently, several functional SNPs of VEFGA have been identified that are associated with survival in patients with early stage NSCLC [29, 30]. Well-documented functional SNPs, such as VEGFA +405G>C and -460T>C, should be evaluated to identify the association between VEGFA gene polymorphisms and FDG-uptake.

There were several limitations to this study. We did not evaluate the association between hypoxia-related gene polymorphisms and FDG-uptake in patients with early stage NSCLC. Although the SLC2A1 -2841A>T polymorphism in combination with the APEX1 Asp148Glu polymorphism was associated with FDG uptake in this study, this result was based on a statistical comparison rather than a functional study. Another limitation was the potential effect of unknown SNPs of hypoxia-related genes on FDG-uptake, as we only analyzed documented-functional SNPs. Thus, additional investigations of polymorphisms in entire hypoxia-induced pathway on FDG-uptake are needed.

In summary, the SLC2A1 -2841A>T polymorphism was associated with FDG-uptake in combination with the APEX1 TT genotype in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Our findings suggest that a newly developed tracer for PET could be affected by genetic polymorphisms. However, further studies are required to validate these results.

References

  1. Heron DE, Andrade RS, Beriwal S, Smith RP: PET-CT in radiation oncology: the impact on diagnosis, treatment planning, and assessment of treatment response. Am J Clin Oncol. 2008, 31: 352-362. 10.1097/COC.0b013e318162f150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Brown RS, Leung JY, Kison PV, Zasadny KR, Flint A, Wahl RL: Glucose transporters and FDG uptake in untreated primary human non-small cell lung cancer. J Nucl Med. 1999, 40: 556-565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Semenza GL: HIF-1 and tumor progression: pathophysiology and therapeutics. Trends Mol Med. 2002, 8: S62-67. 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02317-1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Semenza GL: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1: master regulator of O2 homeostasis. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 1998, 8: 588-594. 10.1016/S0959-437X(98)80016-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Talks KL, Turley H, Gatter KC, Maxwell PH, Pugh CW, Ratcliffe PJ, Harris AL: The expression and distribution of the hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha in normal human tissues, cancers, and tumor-associated macrophages. Am J Pathol. 2000, 157: 411-421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhong H, De Marzo AM, Laughner E, Lim M, Hilton DA, Zagzag D, Buechler P, Isaacs WB, Semenza GL, Simons JW: Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in common human cancers and their metastases. Cancer Res. 1999, 59: 5830-5835.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fu XS, Choi E, Bubley GJ, Balk SP: Identification of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) polymorphism as a mutation in prostate cancer that prevents normoxia-induced degradation. Prostate. 2005, 63: 215-221. 10.1002/pros.20190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Koukourakis MI, Papazoglou D, Giatromanolaki A, Panagopoulos I, Maltezos E, Harris AL, Gatter KC, Sivridis E: C2028T polymorphism in exon 12 and dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in intron 13 of the HIF-1alpha gene define HIF-1alpha protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2006, 53: 257-262. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.05.025.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Renner W, Kotschan S, Hoffmann C, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Pilger E: A common 936 C/T mutation in the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with vascular endothelial growth factor plasma levels. J Vasc Res. 2000, 37: 443-448. 10.1159/000054076.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Bae SJ, Kim JW, Kang H, Hwang SG, Oh D, Kim NK: Gender-specific association between polymorphism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF 936 C>T) gene and colon cancer in Korea. Anticancer Res. 2008, 28: 1271-1276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wolf G, Aigner RM, Schaffler G, Langsenlehner U, Renner W, Samonigg H, Yazdani-Biuki B, Krippl P: The 936C>T polymorphism of the gene for vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2004, 88: 205-208. 10.1007/s10549-004-0724-2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Evans AR, Limp-Foster M, Kelley MR: Going APE over ref-1. Mutat Res. 2000, 461: 83-108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Krokan HE, Nilsen H, Skorpen F, Otterlei M, Slupphaug G: Base excision repair of DNA in mammalian cells. FEBS Lett. 2000, 476: 73-77. 10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01674-4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kasahara M, Osawa K, Yoshida K, Miyaishi A, Osawa Y, Inoue N, Tsutou A, Tabuchi Y, Tanaka K, Yamamoto M: Association of MUTYH Gln324His and APEX1 Asp148Glu with colorectal cancer and smoking in a Japanese population. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 27: 49-10.1186/1756-9966-27-49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Shekari M, Sobti RC, Tamandani DM, Malekzadeh K, Kaur P, Suri V: Association of genetic polymorphism of the DNA base excision repair gene (APE-1 Asp/148 Glu) and HPV type (16/18) with the risk of cervix cancer in north Indian population. Cancer Biomark. 2008, 4: 63-71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Yoo DG, Song YJ, Cho EJ, Lee SK, Park JB, Yu JH, Lim SP, Kim JM, Jeon BH: Alteration of APE1/ref-1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer: the implications of impaired extracellular superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant systems. Lung Cancer. 2008, 60: 277-284. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2007.10.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. van Baardwijk A, Dooms C, van Suylen RJ, Verbeken E, Hochstenbag M, Dehing-Oberije C, Rupa D, Pastorekova S, Stroobants S, Buell U: The maximum uptake of (18)F-deoxyglucose on positron emission tomography scan correlates with survival, hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha and GLUT-1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer. 2007, 43: 1392-1398. 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.03.027.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kaira K, Oriuchi N, Shimizu K, Ishikita T, Higuchi T, Imai H, Yanagitani N, Sunaga N, Hisada T, Ishizuka T: Correlation of angiogenesis with (18)F-FMT and (18)F-FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Sci. 2009, 100: 753-758. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01077.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Hodgkinson AD, Page T, Millward BA, Demaine AG: A novel polymorphism in the 5' flanking region of the glucose transporter (GLUT1) gene is strongly associated with diabetic nephropathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complications. 2005, 19: 65-69. 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2004.07.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Matakidou A, el Galta R, Webb EL, Rudd MF, Bridle H, the GC, Eisen T, Houlston RS: Genetic variation in the DNA repair genes is predictive of outcome in lung cancer. Hum Mol Genet. 2007, 16: 2333-2340. 10.1093/hmg/ddm190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hanin FX, Lonneux M, Cornet J, Noirhomme P, Coulon C, Distexhe J, Poncelet AJ: Prognostic value of FDG uptake in early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008, 33: 819-823. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.02.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Usuda K, Saito Y, Sagawa M, Sato M, Kanma K, Takahashi S, Endo C, Chen Y, Sakurada A, Fujimura S: Tumor doubling time and prognostic assessment of patients with primary lung cancer. Cancer. 1994, 74: 2239-2244. 10.1002/1097-0142(19941015)74:8<2239::AID-CNCR2820740806>3.0.CO;2-P.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Duhaylongsod FG, Lowe VJ, Patz EF, Vaughn AL, Coleman RE, Wolfe WG: Lung tumor growth correlates with glucose metabolism measured by fluoride-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Ann Thorac Surg. 1995, 60: 1348-1352. 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00754-9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Liu ZH, Guan TJ, Chen ZH, Li LS: Glucose transporter (GLUT1) allele (XbaI-) associated with nephropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 1999, 55: 1843-1848. 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.00449.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Tarnow L, Grarup N, Hansen T, Parving HH, Pedersen O: Diabetic microvascular complications are not associated with two polymorphisms in the GLUT-1 and PC-1 genes regulating glucose metabolism in Caucasian type 1 diabetic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001, 16: 1653-1656. 10.1093/ndt/16.8.1653.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Grzeszczak W, Moczulski DK, Zychma M, Zukowska-Szczechowska E, Trautsolt W, Szydlowska I: Role of GLUT1 gene in susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2001, 59: 631-636. 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002631.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fishel ML, He Y, Reed AM, Chin-Sinex H, Hutchins GD, Mendonca MS, Kelley MR: Knockdown of the DNA repair and redox signaling protein Ape1/Ref-1 blocks ovarian cancer cell and tumor growth. DNA Repair. 2008, 7: 177-186. 10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.09.008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kuwai T, Kitadai Y, Tanaka S, Kuroda T, Ochiumi T, Matsumura S, Oue N, Yasui W, Kaneyasu M, Tanimoto K: Single nucleotide polymorphism in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha gene in colorectal carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2004, 12: 1033-1037.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zhai R, Liu G, Zhou W, Su L, Heist RS, Lynch TJ, Wain JC, Asomaning K, Lin X, Christiani DC: Vascular endothelial growth factor genotypes, haplotypes, gender, and the risk of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 612-617. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-1655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Heist RS, Zhai R, Liu G, Zhou W, Lin X, Su L, Asomaning K, Lynch TJ, Wain JC, Christiani DC: VEGF polymorphisms and survival in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008, 26: 856-862. 10.1200/JCO.2007.13.5947.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the National R&D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (0920050).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    Seong-Jang Kim

  2. Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    Sang-Hyun Hwang & Eun Yup Lee

  3. Departments of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    In Joo Kim & Min Ki Lee

  4. Departments of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, School of Medicine Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    Chang Hun Lee

  5. Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

    Sang-Yull Lee

  6. Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea

    Seong-Jang Kim & Sang-Hyun Hwang

Authors
  1. Seong-Jang Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sang-Hyun Hwang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. In Joo Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Min Ki Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chang Hun Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sang-Yull Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Eun Yup Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sang-Hyun Hwang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

KSJ performed the molecular genetic studies and drafted the manuscript. KIJ participated in preparation of the manuscript. LMK and LCH participated in the design of the study and LSY performed the statistical analyses. LEY and HSH conceived the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kim, SJ., Hwang, SH., Kim, I.J. et al. The association of 18F-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake of PET with polymorphisms in the glucose transporter gene (SLC2A1) and hypoxia-related genes (HIF1A, VEGFA, APEX1) in non-small cell lung cancer. SLC2A1 polymorphisms and FDG-PET in NSCLC patients. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 29, 69 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-29-69

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-29-69

Keywords

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

ISSN: 1756-9966

Contact us