Skip to main content
Download PDF
Download ePub

More expressions of BDNF and TrkB in multiple hepatocellular carcinoma and anti-BDNF or K252a induced apoptosis, supressed invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research volume 30, Article number: 97 (2011) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor Tropomysin-related kinase B (TrkB) are commonly up-regulated in a variety of human tumors. However, the roles of BDNF/TrkB in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been poorly investigated.

Methods

We evaluated the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in 65 cases of HCC by immunohistochemical staining. Moreover, in human HCC cell lines of HepG2 and high metastatic HCCLM3, the secretory BDNF in supernatant was measured by ELISA, the effects of BDNF neutralizing antibody or Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a on apoptosis and invasion were examined by flow cytometry and transwell assay respectively.

Results

Higher expression of BDNF (63.1%) or positive expression of TrkB (55.4%) was found in HCC specimens, which was significantly correlated with multiple and advanced stage of HCC. BDNF secretory level in HCCLM3 was higher than that in HepG2 cells. Both anti-BDNF and K252a effectively induced apoptosis and suppressed invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells.

Conclusions

These findings suggested that BDNF/TrkB are essential for HCC cells survival and invasion. BDNF/TrkB signaling should probably be an effective target to prevent HCC advancement.

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and the presense of intraheptatic metastases at the time of surgery has been regarded as the main causes of recurrence [1]. The cancer cells readily disseminate via portal venous branches and patients with multiple tumor nodules in liver are proved to have poor prognosis [2]. Multiple hepatocellular carcinoma is usually regarded as HCC with multiple tumor nodules, clinically classified as either intrahepatic metastasis or multicentric carcinogenesis [3]. Tumor cells' invasion into blood vessels and survival inside are essential to a successful metastasis in liver, resulting in the formation of intrahepatic metastases [4]. However, the key points have not been well elucidated, and the investigation of mechanisms for multiple HCC may improve the prognosis of this severe disease.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a member of nerve growth factor family, playing an important role in supporting survival and growth of neurons. Tropomysin-related kinase B (TrkB) is the primary receptor of BDNF, which functions as a tyrosine kinase. BDNF and TrkB are up-regulated in a variety of primary human tumors, including neuroblastoma [5], breast [6], bladder [7] and ovarian [8] cancers. In gastric cancer, a high level of TrkB expression was predicted for distant metastases and poor prognosis [9]. TrkB overexpression was also found in highly metastatic pancreatic cancer cells, which was presumed to mediate the clinical features of aggressive growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer [10]. When activated by BDNF, TrkB induces the activation of downstream signaling molecules, such as Akt [11, 12] and ERK [13, 14], which elicits the differential regulation of various cellular activities, like cell proliferation [15], differentiation [16], apoptosis [17], and invasion [18]. TrkB signaling promotes cell survival in an anchorage-independent manner [19]. In HCC, the expressions of BDNF and TrkB were found up-regulated in detached HCC BEL7402 cell aggregations, which were able to resistant to detachment-induced apoptosis [20].

Despite the increasing evidence of BDNF and TrkB on tumor progression, whether they are involved in multiple HCC has not yet been determined. In the present study, the expressions of BDNF and TrkB in HCC specimens were examined, and by neutralizing BDNF or inhibiting TrkB kinase activity in HCC cell lines to observe the effects of BDNF/TrkB interruption on cell apoptosis and invasion.

Methods

HCC samples

A total of 65 HCC patients who had therapeutic resection from January 2006 to January 2011 were enrolled in this study. This study was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of China Medical University and the informed consent was obtained from all patients. All of the enrolled patients underwent curative surgical resection without having chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of tumor were stained routinely with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), and reviewed by two senior pathologists in order to determine the histological characteristics and tumor stage according to the AJCC/UICC TNM staging system (2003, Edit 6). Clinicopathological information including tumor distribution (solitary or multiple nodules), differentiation, stage and lymph node metastasis was obtained from patient records, and listed in additional file 1.

Immunohistochemistry

65 paraffin sections of HCC were deparaffinized and rehydrated routinely. The sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary rabbit polyclonal antibody detecting BDNF (1:100) or TrkB (1:50, both from Santa Cruz, USA), following 3% H2O2 and 5% goat serum treatment at 37°C for 30 min after antigen recovery. Then they were incubated with second antibody and streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) complex for 30 min (SP kit, Maixin, China), and visualized with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB, Maixin, China). All the immunoreactions were separately evaluated by two senior pathologists. Cells with brown particles appearing in cytoplasm or cell membrane were regarded as positive. The intensity of BDNF immunostaining (1 = weak, 2 = intense) and the percentage of positive tumor cells (0-5% = 0, 6-50% = 1, ≥51% = 2) were assessed in at least 5 high power fields (×400 magnification) [7]. The scores of each tumorous sample were multiplied to give a final score of 0, 1, 2, or 4, and the tumors were finally determined as negative: score 0; lower expression: score ≤ 2; or higher expression: score 4. The percentage of TrkB positive tumor cells was assessed in at least 5 high power fields (×400 magnification), and >10% was regarded as positive sample [21].

Cells culture and treatments

Human HCC cell lines HepG2 and HCCLM3 (with high metastatic potential) were purchased from KeyGen (China). HepG2 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 (Invitrogen, USA) and HCCLM3 cells were cultured in DMEM (high glucose, Invitrogen, USA) supplemented with 10% FBS, in incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C. To neutralize secretory BDNF in culture supernatant for subsequent studies, cells (80-90% confluence) were treated with anti-BDNF antibody (20 μg/ml, Santa Cruz, USA) for 24 h. To interfere with receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, cells were also treated by Trk tyrosine receptor kinase inhibitor K252a (0.1 μM, Sigma, USA) for 24 h. Cells treated were used for apoptosis or invasion assays as described below. The examinations were repeated at least three times.

Elisa

Human BDNF Quantikine™ ELISA kit purchased from R&D Systems was used in this study. HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells were cultured for 24 h before the supernatant was collected by centrifugation. BDNF secretion was measured using ELISA. In brief, 50 μl of samples or standard was added to the microplate wells with 100 μl assay diluent and incubated at room temperature for 2 h, and 100 μl of BDNF conjugate was added. Incubation was continued at room temperature for 1 h. Microplates were washed and developed using 200 μl of substrate solution. Then the optical density was read at 450 nm and wavelengh correction was set to 570 nm using a microplate reader.

Cell apoptosis assay

The cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit (BD, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Cells were washed twice in ice-cold PBS and resuspended in 1 × binding buffer (1 × 106/ml). Cells of 100 μl (1 × 105) were gently mixed with 5 μl Annexin V-FITC and 5 μl PI, and then incubated for 15 min at room temperature away from light. After supplemented another 400 μl 1 × binding buffer, cell apoptosis was detected in flow cytometer. Data are representative of three individual experiments.

Cell invasion assay

The cell invasion assay was performed using a 24-well Transwell chamber (Costar, USA). At 24 h following anti-BDNF treatment, cells (1 × 104) were detached and seeded in the upper chamber of a 8 μm pore size insert precoated with Matrigel (BD, USA) and cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h. Cells were allowed to migrate towards medium containing 10% FBS in the bottom chamber. The non-migratory cells on the upper membrane surface were removed with a cotton tip, and the migratory cells attached to the lower membrane surface were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet. The number of migrated cells was counted in 5 randomly selected 200× power fields under microscope. Data presented are representative of three individual wells.

Statistical analysis

The SPSS 13.0 software was applied to complete data processing. χ2-test was applied to analyze the correlations between BDNF or TrkB expression and clinicopathological characteristics. T-test was used to evaluate the difference of BDNF secretion between HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences between cells with various treatments. All data were represented as mean ± SD and results were considered statistically significant when the p-value was less than 0.05.

Results

The expressions of BDNF and TrkB in 65 cases of HCC by immunohistochemistry

BDNF was expressed in 57 (87.7%) HCC samples. We considered that 41 (63.1%) cases of HCC were higher expression (scores of 4) and 24 cases (36.9%) were lower expression (scores of 0, 1 or 2), including negative ones, as described in Materials and methods. The positive expression rate of TrkB in HCC tissues was 55.4% (36/65), and 44.6% were negative (26/65), as described in Materials and methods. Since BDNF/TrkB have been reported to facilitate survival and metastasis of tumor cells [22], the association between BDNF or TrkB expressions and the presence of intrahepatic dissemination at the time of resection was analyzed statistically in the present study. More cases of intrahepatic multiple tumors were found in HCCs with BDNF higher expression (p = 0.002). Likewise, HCCs with negative TrkB tended to be solitary tumors (p = 0.049). In addition, patients with more BDNF or positive TrkB expression had advanced stage of HCC (p = 0.005, p = 0.013). Moreover, a significant difference of BDNF, not TrkB expression was detected between variously differentiated HCCs (p = 0.036), and between HCCs with or without lymph node metastasis (p = 0.016). Samples of BDNF and TrkB expression in HCCs are shown in Figure 1. The correlations of BDNF or TrkB expression and clinicopathological characteristics are shown in Table 1 and 2.

Figure 1
figure 1

BDNF and TrkB expressions in HCC by immunohistochemistry. A and B, high BDNF and TrkB immunoreactivity in multiple HCC. C and D, positive BDNF and TrkB immunostaining in solitary HCC. Original magnification: all ×400.

Full size image
Table 1 Clinicopathological characteristics and BDNF expression by immunohistochemistry in 65 cases of HCCs.
Full size table
Table 2 Clinicopathological characteristics and TrkB expression by immunohistochemistry in 65 cases of HCCs.
Full size table

The secretion of BDNF in HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells by ELISA

BDNF is a cytokine secreted by a few human cancers, supporting growth and survival of tumor cells [23]. To explore whether HCC cells express BDNF secretorily, BDNF in the supernatant of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells was examined by ELISA assays. The amounts of BDNF produced extracellularly by HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells were 88.6 ± 14.4 pg/ml and 138.4 ± 22.2 pg/ml, respectively (p = 0.031), which was shown in Table 3. This result showed that HCCLM3 cells had more BDNF production, which probably correlated with its high metastatic potential.

Table 3 Secretion of BDNF in supernatant of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells by ELISA.
Full size table

Anti-BDNF or K252a promoted cell apoptosis

It was demonstrated BDNF/TrkB protected various tumor cells from apoptosis [24]. To investigate a positive role of BDNF/TrkB in HCC cell survival, apoptosis was examined after anti-BDNF or K252a treatment using Annexin V-FITC assay by flow cytometry. The apoptotic rates of control, anti-BDNF and K252a treated HepG2 at 24 h time point were 5.29 ± 0.54%, 20.21 ± 1.54%, 18.39 ± 0.83%, respectively (p = 0.000, Figure 2). And the apoptotic rates of control, anti-BDNF and K252a treated HCCLM3 at 24 h time point were 10.88 ± 0.42%, 30.35 ± 1.60%, 31.37 ± 2.16%, respectively (p = 0.000, Figure 2). These results suggested that neutralizing antibody specific for BDNF or Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a against TrkB probably antagonized the protection of BDNF/TrkB for HCC cells.

Figure 2
figure 2

Anti-BDNF or K252a treatment promoted cell apoptosis. The apoptotic cells in anti-BDNF or K252a group were apparently increased in HepG2 or HCCLM3, in contrast to those control cells. The results were indicated as mean ± SD of three individual tests.

Full size image

Effect of anti-BDNF or K252a on cell invasion

To understand the potential signaling induced by BDNF/TrkB that affects cell invasion, anti-BDNF or K252a was used and the invasion of treated cells was examined by Transwell assay. As shown in Figure 3, the invasive numbers of control, anti-BDNF and K252a treated HepG2 at 24 h were 42.3 ± 2.5, 30.7 ± 2.1 and 33.3 ± 1.5, respectively (P = 0.001). And the invasive numbers of control, anti-BDNF and K252a treated HCCLM3 cells at 24 h were 51.3 ± 3.2, 39.7 ± 1.5 and 42.7 ± 3.1, respectively (P = 0.005). These results showed that both anti-BDNF and K252a effectively interrupted the invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells.

Figure 3
figure 3

Interruption of cell invasion by anti-BDNF or K252a treatment. The number of invasive cells in anti-BDNF or K252a group was significantly reduced in HepG2 or HCCLM3, compared with that in control group. The values were mean ± SD of three replicates.

Full size image

Discussion

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most lethal malignancy in many countries, and the incurable feature is mainly due to the advanced stage of disease with metastasis at presentation. The intrahepatic dissemination of tumor cells is common in HCC patients with poor prognosis. It is rather necessary to clearly elucidate the molecular mechanisms that promoted HCC metastasis. BDNF and its high-affinity receptor TrkB are well studied to facilitate apoptosis resistance and metastatic tumor cells survival [25]. Aiming at interfering BDNF/TrkB signaling may be helpful in the progression of effective anticancer strategies [26, 27].

In the present study, the expressions of BDNF and TrkB were examined in 65 cases of HCC by means of immunohistochemistry to evaluate the involvement of BDNF/TrkB in the progression of HCC. BDNF was found up-regulated and TrkB was overexpressed in human malignancies [21, 28]. Our results showed that the expressions of both BDNF and TrkB appeared higher in multiple HCCs than those solitary tumors. A statistical difference in BDNF immunoreactivity not TrkB was observed between well and moderate-poorly differentiated HCCs. We also found a significant correlation between higher BDNF expression and lymph node metastasis. However, TrkB positive expression was not found difference in HCCs with lymph node metastasis or not. Moreover, BDNF and TrkB expressions were correlated with clinicopathological stage, and higher expressions of them in advanced HCCs were detected. These findings suggested a potential role of BDNF and TrkB in affecting intrahepatic dissemination of HCC cells.

Then HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells were utilized to assess the effects of BDNF neutralization or TrkB kinase interruption on cell apoptosis and invasion. The secretory BDNF was detected in supernatant of cultured HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. BDNF content in HCCLM3 cells was more than that in HepG2 cells, which probably correlated with the high metastatic potential of HCCLM3 cells. Specific neutralizing antibody has been used in suppressing cytokine functions during variable biological processes [29]. We found in this study that cell apoptosis was significantly induced in anti-BDNF treated cells, which indicated that BDNF was required for supporting the survival of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. The involvement of BDNF in the invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells was also confirmed that invasive cells were evidently decreased by BDNF antibody. Studies have shown that inactivation of Trk by tyrosine kinase inhibitors was correlated with more apoptotic [30], or less invasive tumor cells [31], and aiming at interfering TrkB activation might be helpful in the development of effective anticancer therapies. K252a is a selective inhibitor of the tyrosine protein kinase activity of the trk family of oncogenes and neurotrophin receptors [32]. In this study, apoptotic cells were observed increasing after K252a treatment, which was considered that TrkB activated by BDNF was participated in the survival of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. Moreover, K252a used in this study also demonstrated a critical role of TrkB kinase activity in BDNF-induced invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. Further investigations should be carried out for the detailed signalings downstream of BDNF/TrkB in regulating the survival and invasion of HCC cells.

Taken together, our study confirmed that both BDNF and TrkB were higher expressed in multiple HCCs, which was positively correlated with tumor progression. Secretory BDNF in supernatant of HCCLM3 cells with high metastatic potential were much more than that in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells treated with BDNF neutralizing antibody or Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a showed increased apoptosis and decreased invasion. Our data thus revealed an important role of BDNF/TrkB in regulating survival and invasion of HCC cells and probably provided new insight into the inhibition of BDNF/TrkB signaling as a target of anti-HCC therapies. Nevertheless, the signaling pathway(s) downstream of BDNF/TrkB that involved in metastasis of HCC required further studies.

Conclusions

Our data suggested that BDNF/TrkB supports the survival of HCC cells, and seems to serve as a critical mediator in the progression of intrahepatic dissemination of HCC cells, and prevention of BDNF/TrkB signaling could be an effective way in HCC therapy.

References

  1. Poon RT, Fan ST, Ng IO, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong J: Different risk factors and prognosis for early and late intrahepatic recurrence after resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2000, 89: 500-507. 10.1002/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<500::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-O.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Budhu A, Forgues M, Ye QH, Jia HL, He P, Zanetti KA, Kammula US, Chen Y, Qin LX, Tang ZY, Wang XW: Prediction of venous metastases, recurrence, and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on a unique immune response signature of the liver microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2006, 10: 99-111. 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.06.016.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Oda T, Tsuda H, Scarpa A, Sakamoto M, Hirohashi S: Mutation pattern of the p53 gene as a diagnostic marker for multiple hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1992, 52: 3674-3678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Imamura H, Matsuyama Y, Tanaka E, Ohkubo T, Hasegawa K, Miyagawa S, Sugawara Y, Minagawa M, Takayama T, Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M: Risk factors contributing to early and late phase intrahepatic recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatectomy. J Hepatol. 2003, 38: 200-207.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brodeur GM, Minturn JE, Ho R, Simpson AM, Iyer R, Varela CR, Light JE, Kolla V, Evans AE: Trk receptor expression and inhibition in neuroblastomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2009, 15: 3244-3250. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1815.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vanhecke E, Adriaenssens E, Verbeke S, Meignan S, Germain E, Berteaux N, Nurcombe V, Le Bourhis X, Hondermarck H: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4/5 are expressed in breast cancer and can be targeted to inhibit tumor cell survival. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17: 1741-1752. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lai PC, Chiu TH, Huang YT: Overexpression of BDNF and TrkB in human bladder cancer specimens. Oncol Rep. 2010, 24: 1265-1270.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Au CW, Siu MK, Liao X, Wong ES, Ngan HY, Tam KF, Chan DC, Chan QK, Cheung AN: Tyrosine kinase B receptor and BDNF expression in ovarian cancers - Effect on cell migration, angiogenesis and clinical outcome. Cancer Lett. 2009, 281: 151-161. 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.02.025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang Y, Fujiwara Y, Doki Y, Takiguchi S, Yasuda T, Miyata H, Yamazaki M, Ngan CY, Yamamoto H, Ma Q, Monden M: Overexpression of tyrosine kinase B protein as a predictor for distant metastases and prognosis in gastric carcinoma. Oncology. 2008, 75: 17-26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Sclabas GM, Fujioka S, Schmidt C, Li Z, Frederick WA, Yang W, Yokoi K, Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, Hess KR, Zhang W, Fidler IJ, Chiao PJ: Overexpression of tropomysin-related kinase B in metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 440-449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Yu X, Liu L, Cai B, He Y, Wan X: Suppression of anoikis by the neurotrophic receptor TrkB in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Sci. 2008, 99: 543-552. 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00722.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Li Z, Jaboin J, Dennis PA, Thiele CJ: Genetic and pharmacologic identification of Akt as a mediator of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB rescue of neuroblastoma cells from chemotherapy-induced cell death. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 2070-2075. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang YT, Lai PC, Wu CC, Hsu SH, Cheng CC, Lan YF, Chiu TH: BDNF mediated TrkB activation is a survival signal for transitional cell carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 2010, 36: 1469-1476.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kawamura N, Kawamura K, Manabe M, Tanaka T: Inhibition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase B signaling suppresses choriocarcinoma cell growth. Endocrinology. 2010, 151: 3006-3014. 10.1210/en.2009-1378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Lam CT, Yang ZF, Lau CK, Tam KH, Fan ST, Poon RT: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Tumorigenesis via Induction of Neovascularization: Implication in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17: 3123-3133. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Esposito CL, D'Alessio A, de Franciscis V, Cerchia L: A cross-talk between TrkB and Ret tyrosine kinases receptors mediates neuroblastoma cells differentiation. PLoS One. 2008, 3: e1643-10.1371/journal.pone.0001643.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pearse RN, Swendeman SL, Li Y, Rafii D, Hempstead BL: A neurotrophin axis in myeloma: TrkB and BDNF promote tumor-cell survival. Blood. 2005, 105: 4429-4436. 10.1182/blood-2004-08-3096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kupferman ME, Jiffar T, El-Naggar A, Yilmaz T, Zhou G, Xie T, Feng L, Wang J, Holsinger FC, Yu D, Myers JN: TrkB induces EMT and has a key role in invasion of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene. 2010, 29: 2047-2059. 10.1038/onc.2009.486.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Douma S, Van Laar T, Zevenhoven J, Meuwissen R, Van Garderen E, Peeper DS: Suppression of anoikis and induction of metastasis by the neurotrophic receptor TrkB. Nature. 2004, 430: 1034-1039. 10.1038/nature02765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Zhang Z, Han L, Liu Y, Liang X, Sun W: Up-regulation of Tropomyosin related kinase B contributes to resistance to detachment-induced apoptosis in hepatoma multicellular aggregations. Mol Biol Rep. 2009, 36: 1211-1216. 10.1007/s11033-008-9299-z.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Yu Y, Zhang S, Wang X, Yang Z, Ou G: Overexpression of TrkB promotes the progression of colon cancer. APMIS. 2010, 118: 188-195. 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02577.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Geiger TR, Peeper DS: Critical role for TrkB kinase function in anoikis suppression, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2007, 67: 6221-6229. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Eggert A, Grotzer MA, Ikegaki N, Zhao H, Cnaan A, Brodeur GM, Evans AE: Expression of the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is associated with unfavorable outcome in Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19: 689-696.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Jaboin J, Kim CJ, Kaplan DR, Thiele CJ: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor activation of TrkB protects neuroblastoma cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 6756-6763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Smit MA, Geiger TR, Song JY, Gitelman I, Peeper DS: A Twist-Snail axis critical for TrkB-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like transformation, anoikis resistance, and metastasis. Mol Cell Biol. 2009, 29: 3722-3737. 10.1128/MCB.01164-08.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Li Z, Beutel G, Rhein M, Meyer J, Koenecke C, Neumann T, Yang M, Krauter J, von Neuhoff N, Heuser M, Diedrich H, Göhring G, Wilkens L, Schlegelberger B, Ganser A, Baum C: High-affinity neurotrophin receptors and ligands promote leukemogenesis. Blood. 2009, 113: 2028-2037. 10.1182/blood-2008-05-155200.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Perez-Pinera P, Hernandez T, García-Suárez O, de Carlos F, Germana A, Del Valle M, Astudillo A, Vega JA: The Trk tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a regulates growth of lung adenocarcinomas. Mol Cell Biochem. 2007, 295: 19-26. 10.1007/s11010-006-9267-7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Zhang S, Guo D, Luo W, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Li C, Lu Y, Cui Z, Qiu X: TrkB is highly expressed in NSCLC and mediates BDNF-induced the activation of Pyk2 signaling and the invasion of A549 cells. BMC Cancer. 2010, 10: 43-10.1186/1471-2407-10-43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ho R, Eggert A, Hishiki T, Minturn JE, Ikegaki N, Foster P, Camoratto AM, Evans AE, Brodeur GM: Resistance to chemotherapy mediated by TrkB in neuroblastomas. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 6462-6466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Chin LS, Murray SF, Doherty PF, Singh SK: K252a induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by inhibiting Cdc2 and Cdc25c. Cancer Invest. 1999, 17: 391-395. 10.3109/07357909909021430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Morotti A, Mila S, Accornero P, Tagliabue E, Ponzetto C: K252a inhibits the oncogenic properties of Met, the HGF receptor. Oncogene. 2002, 21: 4885-4893. 10.1038/sj.onc.1205622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Tapley P, Lamballe F, Barbacid M: K252a is a selective inhibitor of the tyrosine protein kinase activity of the trk family of oncogenes and neurotrophin receptors. Oncogene. 1992, 7: 371-381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements and Funding

We are very grateful to Dr. Siyang Zhang for technical help and writing assistance. This work was supported by grants from the Project Sponsored by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry (the Project-sponsored by SRF for ROCS, SEM) of China (2008890), and The Educational Department of Liaoning Province, China (2008824).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

    Dawei Guo, Hongbin Zhang, Wenyu Sun, Lei Zhu, Jian Liang & Xiaofeng Jiang

  2. Department of General Surgery, the Chinese People's Liberation Army 463th hospital, Shenyang, China

    Xuezhong Hou

Authors
  1. Dawei Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xuezhong Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hongbin Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Wenyu Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Lei Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jian Liang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Xiaofeng Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaofeng Jiang.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

Dw G initiated the research, carried out the experiments and wrote the manuscript, Xz H contributed to the paper translation, Xf J helped with the experimental design and gave funding support, Hb Z, Wy S and L Z gave experimental instructions, and J L gave critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Electronic supplementary material

13046_2011_515_MOESM1_ESM.DOC

Additional file 1: Clinicopathological characteristics of 65 HCC patients in detail. Distribution, differentiation, stage and lymph node metastasis were included, as well as BDNF score and TrkB expression by immunohistochemistry in HCC specimens, which were statistically analyzed in Table 1 and Table 2. (DOC 154 KB)

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Guo, D., Hou, X., Zhang, H. et al. More expressions of BDNF and TrkB in multiple hepatocellular carcinoma and anti-BDNF or K252a induced apoptosis, supressed invasion of HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 30, 97 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-97

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-9966-30-97

Keywords

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

ISSN: 1756-9966

Contact us