Role of retinoic receptors in lung carcinogenesis

Table 1 Lung cancer chemoprevention trials on retinoic acid analogs

Study	Drug	Number of patients	End point	Result	Reference
ATBC	β-Carotene	29,133	Lung cancer	Negative/harmful	[57]
	α-Tocoferol
CARET	β-Carotene	18,314	Lung cancer	Negative/harmful	[58]
	Retinol
EUROSCAN	Retinyl-palmitate	2,592	Second primary tumor	Negative	[38]
	N-Acetycystein
Physician's Health Study	β-Carotene	22,071	Lung cancer	Negative	[59]
Pastorino et al.	Retinyl-palmitate	307	Second primary tumor	Positive	[35]
Lam et al.	ADT	112	Bronchial dysplasia	Positive	[40]
Kurie et al.	Fenretinide	82	Metaplasia	Negative	[60]
Lippman et al.	13cRA	1,304	Second primary tumor	Negative	[61]

ATBC, α-Tocoferol, β-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; CARET, Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Test; ADT, anethole dithioethione (5-[p-methoxyphenyl]-1,2-dithiole-3-thione; 13cRA, 13 cis retinoic acid