Study | Drug | Number of patients | End point | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATBC | β-Carotene | 29,133 | Lung cancer | Negative/harmful | [57] |
 | α-Tocoferol |  |  |  |  |
CARET | β-Carotene | 18,314 | Lung cancer | Negative/harmful | [58] |
 | Retinol |  |  |  |  |
EUROSCAN | Retinyl-palmitate | 2,592 | Second primary tumor | Negative | [38] |
 | N-Acetycystein |  |  |  |  |
Physician's Health Study | β-Carotene | 22,071 | Lung cancer | Negative | [59] |
Pastorino et al. | Retinyl-palmitate | 307 | Second primary tumor | Positive | [35] |
Lam et al. | ADT | 112 | Bronchial dysplasia | Positive | [40] |
Kurie et al. | Fenretinide | 82 | Metaplasia | Negative | [60] |
Lippman et al. | 13cRA | 1,304 | Second primary tumor | Negative | [61] |