Table 1 List of adjuvants by their dominant mechanism of action
From: Immunologic treatments for precancerous lesions and uterine cervical cancer
Antigen delivery systems | Immunopotentiators |
|---|---|
• Electroporation | • Alternative pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): e.g. Cholera enterotoxin; liquenase. |
• Gene gun | • Heat-shock proteins |
• Liposomes | • Lysosome and endocelllular reticulum (ER) targeting agents |
• Virosomes™ | • Saponins (Quils, QS-21) |
• ISCOMS® | • TLRs agonists: e.g, imiquimod, oligonucleotides (CpG, etc.), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) |
• Micro/Nanoparticles: e.g. microparticles of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) | • Cytokines & chemokines: e.g. IL2, IL12 and GM-CSF |
• Emulsions: e.g., MF59, Montanides | • Treg inactivators: e.g. anti-apoptotic molecules, low-dose cyclophosphamide, antibodies anti-CD 25, -CTLA, -IL10, or -PDL-1 |
• Virus-like particles & viral/bacterial vectors | • Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and synthetic derivates |
• Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and derivatives |