Fig. 4

a KB and HaCaT cells were transfected. Cell apoptosis was measured by the flow cytometry at 48 h after infection. b The ratio of “late” apoptosis among different experimental groups. c Caspase activity of KB and HaCaT cells. A significant increase compared with the control is denoted by “***” (P < 0.001) and a significant increase compared with the “without 3-MA group” is denoted by “***#” (P < 0.001). Values represent mean ± SD (n = 3)