Fig. 5From: Intertumor heterogeneity in vascularity and invasiveness of artificial melanoma brain metastasesIntertumor heterogeneity in meningeal vascularization and scull bone invasion. a–c Histological brain sections stained for CD31 to visualize blood vessels in the leptomeninges of a normal brain (a), a leptomeningeal U-25 tumor (b), and a leptomeningeal R-18 tumor (c). d Microvascular density in leptomeningeal tumors assessed from CD31 immunohistochemistry. Columns and bars represent mean and SEM of 4 mice. e HE-stained coronal section through the brain and overlying scull bone ~1 mm anterior to the site of intracerebral injection of U-25 cells. f High magnification image of area indicated in E showing scull bone disrupted by tumor growth. g Fraction of mice with macroscopic scull bone destruction at autopsy. Columns and bars represent mean and SEM of three separate experiments, each involving 10 mice. h Fraction of mice with macroscopic scull bone destruction versus MMP-2 gene expression assessed by quantitative PCR. Points represent melanoma cell lines. Line represents logarithmic regression curve (y = y0 + a · ln x, R 2 = 0.93, P < 0.05)Back to article page