Fig. 9

Buformin regulates signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation. Protein lysates were extracted from premalignant mammary tissues of 18-week-old MMTV-erbB-2 mice that were fed control or buformin diets for 10 weeks (N = 3). The expression and activation/phosphorylation of proteins associated with the mTOR (a-b), RTK (c), ER (d), and Wnt/β-catenin (e) pathways were examined using Western blot analysis (a, c-e) and IHC (b). Representative images of p-mTOR and mTOR immunostained mammary tissues from 18-week-old mice are shown in b