Fig. 5

Tigecycline induces autophagy of CML cells by downregulating the PI3K-ATK-mTOR signaling pathway. (a) Autophagic vacuoles were measured by transmission electron microscopy. Upper panel: autophagic vacuoles in CML cells with and without tigecycline treatment. Lower panel: amplified image of autophagic vacuoles in tigecycline-treated CML cells. (b) Confocal microscopy analysis of autophagy. Blue spots indicate nuclei stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Green spots indicate autophagic vacuoles stained with LC3B dye. (c) Western blot analysis to evaluate the levels of autophagy related protein P62 and LC3B, and mTOR and its upstream regulator AKT, and downstream sensors P70S6 and 4E-BP1