Table 2 E5-related activities to be addressed for novel possible immunotherapy

E5 plays a key role in DNA replication and cell proliferation [21]: important for therapeutic approaches to prevent cell transformation during the initial phases of carcinogenesis or pre-neoplastic lesions.

E5 induces the surface expression of key mitogen receptors such as EGF-R [138, 139]: important to prevent unscheduled cell proliferation and, in turn, possible generation of additional mutations.

E5 activates COX-2 and NF-kB signaling [49]: important to avoid exacerbated inflammatory responses and expression of undesired genes, such as c-jun and c-fos.

E5 plays a central role in promoting immunosuppression: important for interrupting antigen presentation, prevention of NK cell activity and inhibition of interferon signaling [5].

E5 binds to EVER proteins: hampering their activities, induces a deficient immune antiviral response [19].