Fig. 8

Cell surface HSPGs consists of a protein core linking several linear heparan sulfate (HS) chains. HS chains ensure CCN2 bind to the cell surface, and decisively regulate their accessibility, LRP6 phosphorylation, and Wnt activation. Co-incubation of LMWH with CCN2 could significantly block the adhesion of CCN2 to cell surface HSPG, and inhibit the function of CCN2. Oxaliplatin could upregulate CCN2 expression and activate Wnt signaling, while, co-incubation of CCN2 with heparin also completely blocked the adhesion between LRP6 and CCN2, and activation of Wnt signaling pathway