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Fig. 5 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 5

From: Gambogic acid sensitizes gemcitabine efficacy in pancreatic cancer by reducing the expression of ribonucleotide reductase subunit-M2 (RRM2)

Fig. 5

Gambogic acid (GA) sensitized pancreatic cancer cell lines to gemcitabine. In the GA group, PANC-1 and BxPC-3 cells were treated with 1 μM GA for 12 h, and then placed in culture medium for another 48 h. In the GEM group, after incubation with culture medium for 12 h, cells were treated with 5 μM gemcitabine for another 48 h. In the GA-GEM group, cells were pretreated with GA for 12 h, and then treated with gemcitabine for another 48 h. a Cell viability was measured using the 4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (MTT) assay, and the combination index (CI) was calculated using the Chou–Talalay method and CalcuSyn software. b, c Quantification of the colony formation assay and results. d, e Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. f The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP, Bax, and Bcl-2 were detected using western blot analysis. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3); *** indicates P < 0.001

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