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Fig. 5 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 5

From: RETRACTED ARTICLE: TGF-β2 initiates autophagy via Smad and non-Smad pathway to promote glioma cells’ invasion

Fig. 5

TGF-β2 activates glioma autophagy via Smad dependent and independent pathways, which in turn promote TGF-β autocrine signaling and boost glioma invasion. a The effects of PI3K kinase inhibitor 3-MA (10 μmol/L) and the JNK pathway inhibitor SP600125 (10 μmol/L) on TGF-β induced autophagy. b Immunoblots showed autophagy was attenuated in siSmad2-treated tumor cells though treated with TGF-β2. c Results showed level of TGF-β2 autocrine loop after promoting or inhibiting autophagy with Rapamycine or siATG5. d ELISA verified TGF-β2 level change after glioma cells treated with rapamycin and ATG5 knock down. e Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses about Smad2, Smad3 and Smad7 which were compared between glioma cells treated with rapamycin, CQ and the TGF-β2 inhibitor LY2157299. f Immunoblots showed that inhibiting the TGF-β pathway with LY2157299 may cause an inefficient EMT. g The combination of CQ and LY2157299 inhibited autocrine TGF-β2 signaling in glioma cells. h ELISA results showed that siSmad2- and siATG5-treated tumor cells exhibited low L-lactate levels after TGF-β2 treatment. i, j L-lactate promoted glioma EMT marker expression and can be inhibited by CQ. (Student’s t-test; Columns, means of triplicate assays. Bars, SD. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001)

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