Fig. 5

Expression of cytokines in PANC-1 tumor spheroids under co-culture conditions. a PANC-1 tumor spheroids were cultured for 5 days and stained for TGF-β, and CTGF. Optical sections were acquired at 6 μm intervals and stacked into a z-projection from which fluorescence intensity was calculated. Data are expressed as the mean ± SE of 3 independent experiments. b PANC-1 spheroids were grown for 5 days and harvested for proteome analysis using Proteome Profiler™. Duplicate measurements were performed to assess reproducibility of the data. Scale bars 20 μm, 100 μm. Student’s t-test, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; TS, tumor spheroids