Table 1 The induction or inhibition of autophagy triggered by Sal in vitro and in vivo models
From: Salinomycin, as an autophagy modulator-- a new avenue to anticancer: a review
Model | Induction | Inhibition | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ | Mechanisms | + | Mechanisms | ||
Colon cancer cell lines (RKO,SW480 and SW620) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and MDA –MB -453) | + | Sal activates the JNK pathway through generation of ROS | [40] | ||
Osteoblastoma cells (U2OS and MG-63) | + | Sal activates the AMPK pathway through generation of ROS | [42] | ||
Prostrate cancer cell line (PC3), breast cancer cell lines (SKBR3and MDAMB468) and murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells | + | Sal leads to mitochondrial dysfunction with ATP -depletion, which activates the autophagy | [62] | ||
Human NSCLC cell lines (A549, H460, Calu-1 and H157), human esophageal carcinoma cell line (TE3) and human pancreatic carcinoma cell line (PANC-1) | + | Sal induces ER stress -mediated autophagy via the ATF4 -DDIT3 /CHOP -TRIB3 -AKT1 -MTOR axis | [43] | ||
Breast cancer cell line (MCF-7, HMLER and HMLER CD24 low/−) | + | Sal inhibits the activity of lysosomal proteolytic. | [45] | ||
Hepatocellular Carcinoma cell lines (HepG2 and Huh7) and primary human hepatocytes | + | Sal inhibits late stages of autophagy. | [47] | ||
Human prostate cancer cell line (PC3), human breast cancer cell line (SKBR3)and murine embryonic fibroblast cells | + | / | + | / | [54] |
Human prostrate cancer cell line (PC3),human primary dermal fbroblasts cells, tongue cancer cells (LK0412), larynx cancer cells (LK0923) and Normal Oral Keratinocytes (NOK) | + | Sal activates the AMPK pathway through generation of ROS. | [84] | ||
Liver cancer cells (HepG2) and liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) | + | / | [44] | ||
Human prostrate cancer cell line (LNCaP, RWPE-1 and PC-3) | + | Sal inactivates mTORC1 and activates the AMPK pathway. | [41] | ||
OS cells (U2OS and MG-63 lines) | + | DNA-PKcs is required for Sal-induced autophagy activation. | [18] | ||
Glioblastoma cell lines (GSC23, GSC11, GSC7–2, GSC2–27, GSC5–22, GSC2, GSC231, GSC7–11, GSC10–6, GSC11–28 GSC229, SF188, KNS42, RES259, RES186, U87 MG, U373 MG, U251 MG and T98G) | + | Sal induces ER stress-mediated autophagy through generation of ROS. | + | Autophagic flux in Sal-treated cells is blocked by lipid oxidation due to oxidative stress, causing the increase of LMP. | [46] |
Human osteosarcoma cell line (U2OS) | + | Sal triggers ROS-mediated autophagy. | [20] | ||
Breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7and MDA-MB-231) | + | Sal triggers ROS-mediated autophagy. | [73] | ||
Human glioma cell line (U87MG) | + | Sal induces ER stress-mediated autophagy through generation of ROS. | [75] | ||