Table 1 Characteristics of representative tRNAs and their derivatives in breast cancer
From: The dysregulation of tRNAs and tRNA derivatives in cancer
Cancer type | The change of the tRNA | Cell/tissue type | Function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ER+ breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNALeu | MCF-7 | Promoted cell proliferation and cell transformation | [61] |
Triple-negative breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNA-Leu and tRNA-Tyr | Triple-negative breast cancer tissue | Initiated tumorigenesis | [62] |
Her2(ErbB2)-positive breast | The overexpression of tRNALeuCAG | Her2 (ErbB2)-positive breast tissue | Increased the protein synthesis and proliferative abilities of cancer | [65] |
Breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNAiMet and tRNAIle in immortalized human breast cancer-associated fibroblasts | MCF-7 | Promoted tumor growth and angiogenesis | [67] |
Breast cancer | The overexpression of tRNAArgCCG and tRNAGluUUC | MCF10a, MDA-par, MDA-LM2, CN34-par, and CN-LM1a | Promoted metastasis and invasion ability | [57] |
Breast cancer | Elevated mcm5s2-U34 tRNA modification | MDA-MB-231, MCF7, NMuMG | Promoted breast cancer cells invasion and metastasis | [72] |
Breast cancer | The mutation of mt-tRNAAsp | Blood samples from breast cancer patients | Involved in the carcinogenesis of breast cancer | [76] |
Breast cancer | Ts-3 was down-regulated in aggressive late-stage breast cancer, whereas ts-67, ts-48, and ts-6 were up-regulated only in the late-stage cell line | MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines | tsRNA expression appeared in certain obvious stages of the process of carcinogenesis | [54] |
Breast cancer | High abundance of tRNA-derived miRNA such as miR-720 and miR-1274b | MCF7 EVs and MCF10A EVs | Served as biomarkers | [79] |
Breast cancer | tRFs derived from tRNAGlu, tRNAAsp, tRNAGly, and tRNATyr | MDA-MB-231, CN34 cells, CN-LM1a and MDA-LM2 | Suppressed breast cancer progression | [78] |
Estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer | Increased 5'-tiRNAAsp and 5'-tiRNAHis | MCF-7, BT-474 | Enhanced cell proliferation | [77] |
Lung cancer | TERT was significantly enriched at tRNAMet,tRNAArg and tRNALys genes | A2780 | TERT regulated tRNAs expression and controlled the rate of synthesis of global cancer proteins | [62] |
Lung cancer | Mt-tRNAHis, mt-tRNAAla, mt-tRNALeu, mt-tRNASer, and mt-tRNAThr mutation | Blood samples from lung cancer patients | Contributed to the tumorigenesis of lung cancer | |
Lung cancer | tRNAThr and tRNASer derived from ts-3676 and ts-4521 down-regulated and mutated in lung cancer sample | Lung cancer sample | Acted as microRNA roles and piRNA roles | |
Lung cancer | The down-regulated of ts-46 and ts-47 | A549, H1299 | Significantly reduced the clonal formation of cancer cells | [54] |
Lung cancer | The high expression tRNALeuCAG derived small molecule tiRNA | A549, H1650, PC-9, 95-D and SPCA-1 H1299 and H23 | Promoted cell proliferation | [89] |
Melanoma | The tRNAiMet in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts | G361, BLM, LOX-IMVI | Tumor growth and angiogenesis | [67] |
Melanoma | Increased tRNAiMet in melanoma | Derived from the early pup skin of these Tyr: NrasQ61K/°; INK4a−/−; wild-type (wt) and Tyr: NrasQ61K/°; INK4a−/− of Melanocyte cell lines | Advanced cancer cell migration, invasiveness and lung colonisation capacity | [90] |
Melanoma | TERT promoted the expression of tRNAArg, tRNAAla, tRNAAsn, tRNACys, tRNALys, tRNAGlu and tRNAThr | BLM, G361, LOX-IMVI | TERT promoted cancer cell proliferation by augmenting tRNA expression | [62] |
Cervical cancer | tRNAArg and tRNASec were significantly increased in HPV | Hela and W12 cell lines | The oncoproteins E6 and E7 stimulated tRNA transcription | [91] |
Cervical cancer | tRF derived from tRNAGln expression was decreased in conditions of slowed cell proliferation | Hela cell | Inhibited the translation process of the protein | [92] |
Androgen receptor (AR)-positive prostate cancer | Increased expression 5'-tiRNAAsp and 5'-tiRNAHis as well as 5'-tiRNALys | LNCap-FGC | Promoted the proliferation of cancer cells | [77] |
Multiple myeloma | High levels of tRNA abundance such as tRNAArg and tRNALeu | MM.1S, MM.1R, NCI-H929, U266 and RPMI-8266 | Increased translation of highly active proteins | [93] |
Pancreatic cancer | tRNA interacted with MEK2 | HEK293T, Q60P, P128Q, S154F, E207K and CD18 | tRNA modulated MEK2 function to regulate cellular behavior | [94] |