Fig. 5

LOXL2 increases motility and invasion of BMCs, simultaneously improves MMP9 and CXCL12 expression, as well as fibronectin production in lung fibroblasts, which assists assists the formation of pre-metastatic niche. (a) CM-LV-LOXL2-OE as a chemoattractant significantly increased BMCs migration and invasion compared to the control. (b) (i, ii) CM-LV-LOXL2-OE or rhLOXL2 all upregulated MMP9 expression in HELF cells, but had no effect on MMP2 expression. (c) (i-iii) CM-LV-LOXL2-OE or rhLOXL2C activated AKT signaling pathway in HELF cells and upregulated fibronectin expression. (d) (i,ii) The number of HCC cells adhered to surface of lung fibroblasts treated with CM-LV-LOXL2-OE was significantly higher than that of the control cells. (e) (i,ii) CM-LV-LOXL2-OE as chemoattractant increased the number of migrated HCC cells. (f) CM-LV-LOXL2-OE improved CXCL12 expression in lung fibroblasts. Error bar represents SEM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001