Fig. 1

Illustration of stimulatory and inhibitory immune checkpoints between T-cells, APCs, and cancer cells. Blockade of inhibitory immune checkpoints can positively regulate T-cell activation and prevent immune escape of cancer cells within the tumor microenvironment. Activation of stimulatory immune check points can augment the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapeutics. Red, inhibitory immune checkpoints; blue, stimulatory immune checkpoints