Table 2 Pre-clinical studies with immune checkpoints in therapy of liver cancers
Cancer type | Number | TNM Stage (I + II / III + IV) | Tumor differentiation (I + II / III + IV) | Tumor size (cm) | Immune checkpoints | Therapy | Target cells | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human HCC | 71 | 57 / 14 | 58 / 13 | 36 (≤5) / 35 (>5) | PD-L1 and PD-1 | PD-L1and PD-1 antibodies | Kupffer cells and CD8+ T cells | 2009 | [23] |
Human HCC | NR | NR | NR | NR | PD-L1 | Specific shRNA for PD-L1 and DNMT1 | HCC cell lines | 2017 | [57] |
Human HCC | 31 | 22/9 | 21/10 | 9(≤5) /22(>5) | CTLA-4 | CTLA-4 antibodies | Tumor-Associated Antigen-Specific T Cells | 2011 | [16] |
Mice HCC | NR | NR | NR | NR | CTLA-4 | CTLA-4 antibodies | Regulatory T cells | 2017 | [21] |
Human HCC | 59 | 54 / 4 unknown, n = 1 | NR | NR | LAG3, PD-1, Tim3 and CTLA4 | Blocking antibodies to LAG3, PD-1, TIM3 or CTLA4 | tumor-infiltrating T cells | 2017 | [30] |
Human HCC | 21 | 8/13 | NR | NR | GITR | GITR ligand | tumor-infiltrating Tregs | 2013 | [33] |