Fig. 1
From: Activities of stromal and immune cells in HPV-related cancers
HPV-related carcinogenesis hypothesis involving stromal, immune cells and keratinocytes. Cells that show some alterations (dysplastic, hyperplastic) or immune cells induce stromal fibroblasts (by IL-1β) to secrete IL-1β, TGF-β and CCL20 in order to support infected cells to undergo transformation. HPV positive cells in intermediate and final degrees of neoplasia induce the phenotype change of fibroblasts to CAFs and they interact in a feedback loop to induce HPV-related carcinogenesis