Fig. 2

AS-IV inhibited macrophage M2 polarization. Macrophages derived from THP-1 cells were stimulated with IL-4/IL-13 with or without AS-IV (80 nM) for 48 h. a Flow cytometry was used to quantify the expression of CD206, an M2 macrophage marker, and CD86, an M1 marker. b QT-PCR was performed to detect gene levels in M2 and M1 macrophages. M2-associated genes included PPARγ, Arg-1, and CD206, and M1-associated genes included iNOS, TNF-α, and COX2. c Representative images of M0 and M2 macrophages with and without AS-IV stained with antibodies against Arg-1 (green) and with DAPI (blue). d The levels of IL-10 and TGF-β in the cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. Compared to M0, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, and n.s., no significance; compared to M2, ##p < 0.01, #p < 0.05, and n.s., no significance