Fig. 1

CA suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. a Structure of the CA molecule. b PC-3, DU145, 22rv1 and WPMY-1 cells were treated with various concentrations of CA for 24 and 48 h, cell viability was assayed by MTT assay. c Apoptosis index in PC-3 and DU145 cells with 0, 5, 10 and 15 μM CA treatments for 24 h detected by annexinV/PI flow cytometry assay. d Statistical analysis result of flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis (both of early and later apoptosis). e Cell proliferation was measured by colony formation in 12-well plates with crystal violet staining. Representative photographs are shown. f The percentage of colony formation was calculated by defining the number of colonies in the absence of CA as 100%. The results are presented as mean ± SD and described as column chart *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 as compared with untreated control