Fig. 4

Cotreatment with panobinostat and JQ1 commonly upregulates target gene expression in GBM. a Venn diagram showing the Gene Ontology (GO) analysis results of the transcripts significantly upregulated (log2FC ≥ 1, FDR ≤ 0.05) by panobinostat, JQ1 or panobinostat/JQ1 treatment. In addition, 7 gene sets upregulated only by the panobinostat/JQ1 combinatorial treatment are shown in the bar chart on the right. b Venn diagram showing the number of genes significantly upregulated (log2FC ≥ 1, FDR ≤ 0.05) by panobinostat, JQ1 or panobinostat/JQ1 treatment. c Histogram showing the number of active transcripts upregulated to a greater extent by the combinatorial treatment compared with each drug treatment alone in each group shown in b. d Box plots of log2-fold changes of the genes upregulated by panobinostat, JQ1 or panobinostat/JQ1 treatment in each group shown in (b), (***P < 0.001 compared to the panobinostat/JQ1 treatment, Students’ two-tailed t-test). e GO biological processes and KEGG categories of genes upregulated to a greater extent by the combinatorial treatment compared with each drug treatment alone. f qPCR results showing that GBM-associated tumor-suppressive genes related to the FoxO signaling pathway and regulation of interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway were significantly upregulated by the combined drug treatment compared with each drug treatment alone in U87 and U251 cells. Blue or red asterisks indicate P-values of panobinostat or JQ1 treatment alone compared with the combined drug treatment respectively. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, Students’ two-tailed t-test