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Fig. 1 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 1

From: Nobel committee honors tumor immunologists

Fig. 1

Milestones in cancer immunotherapy. a Schematic representation of the milestones in cancer immunotherapy in the last 20 years. b Schematic representation of the effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade. There is an overlap between the mechanisms by which CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade stimulates immune response. Both the pathways are involved in T-cell priming, activation and exhaustion. PD-1 is involved in priming of TRegs whereas CTLA-4 induces tolerogenic phenotype in DCs. *NKcells do not express CTLA-4 and are only activated by PD-1 blockade

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