Table 2 Candidate biomarkers for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in glioblastoma
From: Challenges and potential of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for glioblastoma
Biomarkers | N | Population | Express positivity on tumor cells | Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PD-L1 | 135 | Newly diagnosed glioblastoma (N = 117) | 88.0% | No association between PD-L1 positivity and OS | [5] |
|  |  | Recurrent glioblastoma (N = 18) | 72.2% | ||
PD-L1 | 94 | glioblastoma | 61.0% | PD-L1 positivity associated with poor OS | [6] |
PD-L1 | 54 | glioblastoma | 31.5% | PD-L1 positivity associated with worse OS | [77] |
TILs | 135 | glioblastoma | Sparse-to-moderate in 72.6% | No association between TILs and OS | [5] |
MMR deficiency | 2 | Recurrent glioblastoma | high neoantigen loads (> 20,000 mutations) | Nivolumab monoclonal antibody has significant clinical response | [78] |
POLE deficiency | 1 | glioblastoma | high neoantigen loads | Pembrolizumab monoclonal antibody has objective radiographic response and lymphocyte infiltration | [79] |
EGFRvIII | 196 | glioblastoma | 31% | In subset of OS≥1 year, EGFRvIII positivity associated with poor OS | [86] |