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Fig. 5 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 5

From: Low glucose and metformin-induced apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells is connected to ASK1 via mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated pathways

Fig. 5

Low glucose and metformin activate ER stress and ultimately trigger ER stress-associated apoptosis. a-d SKOV3 cells were pretreated with 40 μM NAC. a Western blot analysis of the expression of Grp78 and Ub proteins in cells treated with 25 mM or 2.5 mM glucose and metformin for 24 h. b Quantitation of the ratio of Grp78 and Ub proteins. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus 2.5 mM glucose alone; ##P < 0.01 versus combination of 2.5 mM glucose and metformin). c GADD153 expression was analyzed in SKOV3 cells treated with 25 mM or 2.5 mM glucose and metformin for 24 h (bar, 10 μm). d Western blot analysis of the expression of caspase 4 and cleaved caspase 4 proteins in SKOV3 cells treated with 25 mM or 2.5 mM glucose and metformin for 24 h. e After pretreatment of SKOV3 and OVCRA3 cells were with 500 μM TUDC, the ratio of apoptosis cells was determined by flow cytometry. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 3; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus 2.5 mM glucose alone; ##P < 0.01 versus combination of 2.5 mM glucose and metformin)

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