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Table 2 MiRNAs from CSF as brain tumor biomarkers

From: MicroRNA based theranostics for brain cancer: basic principles

miRNA

↑/↓

Study, Year, Ref.

Biological fluid and Analysis method

No. of pts.

Significance

Area under the Curve (AUC) SS/SP

miR-21

miR-10b

miR-200

↑

↑

↑

Teplyuk, 2012 [127]

CSF

qRT-PCR

19 GBM

118 other non glioma – metastases, neurologic conditions

miR-21

Increased in patients with GBM, brain metastases from breast and lung cancer compared to healthy controls

Does not distinguish between primary glioma and brain metastases

miR-10b

Absent in controls

Present in GBM, and brain metastases

miR-200

Not present in normal brain tissue

Very low levels in glioma

High levels in other solid cancers

Its presence in CSF distinguishes between glioma and brain metastases

Quantification of 7 miRNA in CSF distinguishes between GBM and brain metastasis

N/A

miR-21

↑

Akers, 2013 [126]

CSF

qRT-PCR

13 GBM

14 Non-cancer controls

24 GBM

5 Non-cancer controls

Distinguishes between GBM and non-oncologic controls

AUC = 0.91

SS = 87%

SP = 93%

miR-21

miR-15b

↑

↑

Baraniskin, 2012 [125]

CSF

qRT-PCR

10 Glioma

10 Neurologic diseased patients

23 PCNSL

7 Brain metastases

miR-21

Elevated in all glioma, PCNSL, metastases compared to non-neoplastic controls

Lower CSF levels in glioma, compared to metastases and PCNSL

miR-15b

Elevated CSF levels in glioma compared to control, metastasis and PCNSL

Distinguishes between glioma and non-glioma patients

miR-21 = N/A

miR-15b: Glioma vs healthy controls

AUC = 0.96

SS = 90%

SP = 94%

miR-451

miR-711

miR-935

miR-223

miR-125b

↑

↑/↓

↓

↑

↑

Drusco, 2015 [129]

CSF

Nano-String

qRT-PCR

9 Glioma

2 Ependimoma

4 Meningioma

4 Glioblastoma

3 Medulloblastoma

4 Lung cancer metastasis

5 BC9 metastasis

3 Lymhoma

14 Healthy Controls

Differential expression of aforementioned miRNAs

Levels could distinguish between cancer patients and healthy controls

N/A

miR-21-5p

miR-218-5p

miR-193b-3p

miR-331-3p

miR-374a-5p

miR-548c-3p

miR-520f-3p

miR-27b-3p

miR-130b-3p

↑

↑

↑

↑

↑

↓

↓

↓

↓

Akers, 2017

[128]

CSF

TaqMan OpenArray Real-Time PCR System

Cohort 4 – Cisternal CSF

10 GBM

12 Controls

Cohort 5 – Lumbar CSF

18 GBM

20 Controls

MiRNA signature distinguishes GBM from healthy controls in cisternal and lumbar CSF specimens

Lumbar CSF has low sensitivity

Cohort 4 – Cisternal CSF

AUC = 0.75 (95% CI 0.53, 0.97)

SS = 80%;

SP = 67%

Cohort 5 – Lumbar CSF

AUC = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69, 0.96).

SS = 28%;

SP = 95%.

  1. 1HGG High grade glioma, 2LGG Low-grade glioma, 3PCNSL Primary central nervous system lymphoma, 4GBM Glioblastoma, 5KPS Karnofsky Performance Scale, 6OS Overall Survival, 7PFS Progression free survival, 8DLGG diffuse large grade glioma, BC breast cancer