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Table 1 Overview of in vivo studies of the effect of STF on the toxicity and/or efficacy of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors

From: Effects of short-term fasting on cancer treatment

Author

Strain

Treatment

Outcomes of STF

Raffaghello et al. 2008 [19]

A/J, CD-1, nude mice and A/J mice bearing subcutaneous NXS2 neuroblastoma

High dose etoposide ± 48–60 h STF

Decreased mortality (toxicity) after high dose etoposide

Lee et al. 2012 [12]

BALB/c, C57BL/6 and nude mice bearing subcutaneous:

±48–60 h STF and:

 

4 T1 breast cancer

Cyclophosphamide

Increased efficacy of CT,

STF alone was as effective as CT alone, Increased survival

B16 melanoma

Doxorubicin

Increased efficacy of CT, Increased survival, Decreased metastasis

GL26 glioma

Doxorubicin

Increased efficacy of CT

STF alone was as effective as CT alone

ACN human neuroblastoma

Doxorubicin

Increased efficacy of CT

MDAMB-231 breast cancer

Doxorubicin

Increased efficacy of CT

OVCAR3 ovarian cancer

Doxorubicin

Increased efficacy of CT

NXS2 neuroblastoma

Only STF

STF alone was effective, Increased survival

Safdie et al. 2012 [13]

C57BL/6 N mice bearing subcutaneous or intracranial GL26 glioma

Temozolomide ± 48 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT, STF alone was as effective as CT alone

(subcutaneous model only)

Radiotherapy ±

48 h STF

Increased efficacy of radiotherapy

Shi et al. 2012 [37]

CD-1 Nude mice bearing subcutaneous ZL55 mesothelioma and A549 lung carcinoma

Cisplatin ±48 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT, STF alone was more effective as CT alone (mesothelioma only)

Kawaguchi et al. 2012 [62]

GFP-LC3 mice

Doxorubicin ±48 h STF

Decreased cardiotoxicity after high dose doxorubicin.

Brandhorst et al. 2013 [18]

AIN93G mice

High dose doxorubicin ±60 h STF

Decreased mortality (toxicity) after high dose doxorubicin.

Saleh et al. 2013 [38]

BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous 67NR or NIH3 triple negative breast cancer

Radiotherapy ±

24 h STF (alternate)

Increased efficacy of radiotherapy

Cheng et al. 2014 [22]

C57BL/6 J mice

Cyclophosphamide ±

48 h STF

Decreased mortality (toxicity) after high dose cyclophosphamide.

Bianchi et al. 2015 [14]

BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous CT26 colon cancer

Oxaliplatin ± 48 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT

Shim et al. 2015 [15]

C57BL/6 J mice bearing subcutaneous B16 melanoma

Doxorubicin or Cyclophosphamide ± 48 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT STF alone was as effective as CT alone

D’Aronzo et al. 2015 [36]

Nu/Nu mice bearing subcutaneous BxPC-3-luc pancreatic cancer

Gemcitabine ± 24 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT

Huisman et al. 2015 [20]

FabplCre;Apc15lox/C mice bearing spontaneous intestinal malignancies

Irinotecan ± 48 h STF

Decreased toxicity to CT

No effect on efficacy of CT

Tinkum et al. 2015 [21]

B6(Cg)-Tyrc-2 J/J,

Bmi1CreERT/+;Rosa26R/+ HopXCreERT/+;Rosa26R/+

Lgr5EGFP-IRES-CreERT2/+;Rosa26R/+,

Lgr5EGFP-IRES-CreERT2/+ mice

High dose etoposide ± 24 h STF

Decreased mortality (toxicity) after high dose etoposide

Caffa et al. 2015 [39]

BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous H3122 lung cancer or HCT116 colorectal cancer

Crizotinib/regorafinib ± 48 h STF

Increased efficacy of crizotinib/regorafinib

Huisman et al. 2015 [23]

BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous C26 colon cancer

Irinotecan ± 72 h STF

Decreased toxicity to CT

No effect on efficacy of CT

Di Biase et al. 2016 [16]

BALB/c, BALB/c-nude and C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous MCF7 and 4T1 breast cancer, B16 melanoma

Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide ±48 h STF or 96 h FMD

Increased efficacy of CT

Pietrocola et al. 2016 [40]

Wild-type C57BL/6 and athymic (nu/nu) mice

Mitoxantrone or oxaliplatin ± 48 h STF

Increased efficacy of CT

Di Biase et al. 2017 [17]

C57BL/6 mice

Doxorubicin ±24–72 h STF

Decreased cardiotoxicity after high dose doxorubicin.

Jongbloed et al. 2019 [24]

BALB/c mice

Irinotecan ± 72 h STF

Decreased toxicity to CT

Authors, site

Subjects

Treatment

Outcome of STF

Withers et al. 2014, UC Davis, USA [63]

20 dogs with lymphoma

Doxorubicin ±24 h STF

Safe and feasible

Reduction in vomiting

No reduction in IGF-1

  1. STF Short-term fasting, CT Chemotherapy, FMD Fasting mimicking diet