Fig. 2

GPAA1 promotes proliferation, colonization, and the G1-to-S phase transition in the cell cycle. a GPAA1 expression levels in GPAA1-high samples compared with their low-GPAA1 counterparts among 300 GC patients in the GSE66229 cohort. b GSEA of specimens with high and low expression of GPAA1 based on the data from GES66229 (CHANG_Proliferation, NES = 1.757, P = 0.001, FDR = 0.112; FIRESTEIN_Proliferation, NES = 1.725, P = 0.002, FDR = 0.066; and BENPORATH_Cycling_Genes, NES = 1.803, P = 0.001, FDR = 0.203). c A CCK-8 assay was conducted using sh-Ctrl, sh-GPAA1–1, sh-GPAA1–2 (SGC-7901 and AGS), Lv-Ctrl, and Lv-GPAA1 cells (HGC-27 and MKN-45). d Immunofluorescence staining of Ki-67 in the GPAA1-upregulated, GPAA1-downregulated, and control groups. e Colony formation assay in the GPAA1-upregulated, GPAA1-downregulated, and control groups. f Cell cycle assay in the GPAA1-upregulated, GPAA1-downregulated, and control groups. g Gene expression analysis of GPAA1, P21, P27, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6 in the sh-Ctrl and sh-GPAA1 groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001