Fig. 2

UBL4A inhibits tumor proliferation and metastasis in PDAC. a The proliferative capacity was determined by EdU retention assays in pancreatic cancer cells which were transfected with flag-tagged lentiviral vector encoding UBL4A (LV-UBL4A-Flag) and lentiviruses scramble shRNA against UBL4A (LV-shUBL4A) as well as their controls (original magnification, 20×) (upper panel) (bar, 50 μm) and the ratio of DNA replication in each groups were calculated (lower panel). b, c Representative images of colony formation assays were shown in the upper panels; the number of colonies were counted as shown in the panels below. d-j Transwell migration/invasion assay and wound healing assay were performed to test the effect of UBL4A on PDAC cells metastasis in vitro (original magnification, 20×) (bars, 25 μm). k, l The expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and UBL4A was determined by western blotting assays in four pancreatic cancer cell lines of different groups (Vector, LV-UBL4A-Flag, shCtrl, LV-shUBL4A). The statistical significance between different groups was calculated with Student t-test. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of three replicates; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns: not significant