Fig. 5

a Human xenografted tumor growth curves using mice grafted with trastuzumab-resistant HER2-overexpressing BT474-R cell lines. For each treatment group (non-irradiated tumors, irradiated tumors after intravenous administration of non-functionalized GNs, and irradiated tumors after intravenous administration of anti-HER2 GNs), 10 xenografted mice are used. Comparisons between the three treatment groups are made using ANOVA (* P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001). b Quantitative comparisons of tumor necrosis (N), cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and microvessel density between irradiated and non-irradiated tumors. Comparisons between groups are made using Student’s t-test (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). c Double immunofluorescence staining of irradiated human xenografted tumor using anti-cleaved-caspase3 and anti-CD31 antibodies (T: tumor; V: microvessel)