Fig. 1

CWP232291 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in prostate cancer cells. a Cells were exposed to CWP232291 for 72 h at the IC₅₀. Annexin V/PI-stained cells were assessed by flow cytometry. The presence of annexin V-positive and PI-negative cells showed apoptotic cell death, and the presence of annexin V-positive and PI-positive cells showed late apoptosis and necrotic cell death. b Cells were exposed to CWP232291 for 72 h at the IC₅₀. Changes in caspase, PARP-1, and indicated proteins were analyzed by western blotting. c Cells were exposed to IC₅₀ doses of CWP232291 for 24 h (PC3, 200 nM; DU145, 400 nM; LNCaP, 60 nM; 22Rv1, 70 nM). Relative Axin-2 mRNA levels were quantified by real-time PCR in prostate cancer cells (means ± SD, n = 3, *P < 0.05 compared with the untreated control). d Cells were exposed to CWP232291 for 96 h at the IC₅₀ (PC3, 200 nM; DU145, 400 nM; LNCaP, 60 nM; 22Rv1, 70 nM) in the presence or absence of 10 μmol/L Z-VAD-FMK. Cell viability was expressed as the means ± SD of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA