Fig. 5

Upregulated HK2 expression in tumor cells impairs effector T-cell function. Direct co-culture and transwell co-culture system were adopted to investigate effector T-cell function impairment. Jurkat cells were cultured only (“Jurkat only”) or co-cultured with either empty vector transfected A549 cells (“empty vector”) or HK2 vector transfected A549 cells (“HK2 vector”). IFN-γ secretion was measured using ELISA (a) and CD69 expression using flow cytometry (b) in the absence or the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation. Data represent the means ± SEMs of at least three independent experiments or are representative of three independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated using Two-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons test. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001