Fig. 3

Induction of DNA damage. a, b Representative photographs after a alkaline comet assay or b gH2AX assay (blue, DAPI nuclear stain; red, gH2A.X protein) of primary glioblastoma cells. c Relative comet tail DNA of T98G cells after treatment with 0.25 μM SAR and/or irradiation with 8 Gy. d Relative comet tail DNA of P0297 and e number of gH2AX foci of P0306 primary glioma cells after treatment with 1 μM SAR and/or irradiation with 8 Gy. Analyses were conducted immediately (white bars) or 24 h (black bars) after IR. Data are means ± SEM from one experiment with at least 50 analyzed cell nuclei. Statistical significance compared to control is indicated by asterisks (*, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ***, p ≤ 0.001), compared to irradiated group by hashtags (#, p ≤ 0.05; ##, p ≤ 0.01). f Western blot analyses of phosphorylated RPA (Ser8) and gH2A.X of T98G cells after treatment with 1 μM SAR and/or irradiation with 8 Gy. Histone H3 protein was used as loading control. g Representative photographs after immunofluorescence staining of phosphorylated RPA (Ser 8) and gH2A.X in T98G cells after treatment with 1 μM SAR and/or irradiation with 8 Gy