Table 1 Summary of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells and cancer stem cells according to theirtranscription factors, markers, signaling pathways, RNA,and epigenetic regulators
From: Prevention of tumor risk associated with the reprogramming of human pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells | ESC | CSC | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Features | mESC | hESC | ||
Markers [17] | • Oct 3/4 [17] • Sox2 [17] • Nanog [17] • Klf4 [17] • SSEA1 [16] • Esrrb [39] | • Oct 3/4 [17] • Sox2 [17] • Nanog [17] • Klf4 [17] • c-Myc [17] • SSEA3, 4, 5 [16] • TRA-1-60 [16] • TRA-1-81 [16] | • EpCAM (CD326) [17] • Lgr5 [17] • CD19 [17] • CD24 [17] • CD27 [17] • CD38 [17] • CD45 [17] • CD49f [17] • TNFRSF16 [17] • CD133 [17] • CD151 [17] • ABCG2 [17] | • ALDH1A1 [17] • CD13 [17] • CD20 [17] • CD26 [17] • CD34 [17] • CD44 [17] • CD47 [17] • CD66c [17] • CD105 [17] • CD117/c-Kit [17] • CD166 [17] |
Signal & Characteristics | • LIF/Jak/Stat (Self-renewal) [40] |  |  |  |
|  | • Wnt/β-catenin (Self-renewal) [41] | Wnt/β-catenin(self-renewal/Differentiation) [42] | Wnt/β-catenin • Brain [43] • Colon [13] • Prostate [44] | Wnt/β-catenin • Breast [45] • Lung [46] • Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma [47] |
|  | • Hedgehog (Self-renewal) [48] | • Hedgehog (Differentiation) [49] | Hedgehog • Brain [50] • Pancreas [51] | Hedgehog • Breast [52] • Gastric cancer [53] |
|  | • Notch (Differentiation) [54] | • Notch (Differentiation) [54] | Notch [55] • Brain [56] • Colon [57] | Notch • Breast [58] • Pancreas [59] |
|  | • TGF-β/BMP/Smad (Activin/Nodal→ self-renewal) (BMP → self-renewal) [60] | • TGF-β/BMP/Smad (Activin/Nodal→ self-renewal) (BMP → differentiation) [61] | TGFβ/TβRII, Integrin/FAK • Brain [62] • Skin [63] • Gastrointestinal [64] | TGFβ/TβRII, Integrin/FAK • Breast [65] • Colon [66] |
|  | • FGF (Differentiation) [67] | • FGF (Self-renewal) [68] | FGF-FGFR • Bladder [69] • Breast [70] | FGF-FGFR • Brain [71] • Colon [72] |
|  |  |  | PI3K/AkT/mTOR • Neuroblastoma [73] • Ovarian [74] • Glioblastoma [75] |  |
Related markers • DNA methylation regulator • Chromatin regulator | • DMNT1 (Differentiation) [76] • TET2 (Differentiation) [77] • EZH2 (Self-renewal& pluripotency) [78, 79] • BMI-1 (Self-renewal& pluripotency) [80] • Suz12 (Self-renewal & pluripotency) [78] • MLL1 (Self-renewal & pluripotency) [78] |  | DNMT1 • Colon [81] TET2 • Breast [82] EZH2 • Breast [83] • Brain [84] • Bone [85] BMI-1 • Esophageal [94] • Laryngeal [95] • Salivary adenoid [96] • Colon [97] • Prostate [86] • Head and neck [87] • Colorectal [88] • Lymphoma [89] Suz12 • Breast [90] MLL1 • Brain [91] | • Breast [92] • Hematomalignancy [93] • Pancreas [83] • Colorectal cancer [88] |
RNAs | • Let7 and Lin 28 (Differentiation) [98, 99] • Mir-31 (Differentiation) [100] • Mir-145 (Differentiation) [101] | • Mir-200 family (Differentiation) [102] • LncRNA-ROR (Self-renewal) [103] | Let-7 • Breast [104] Mir-200 family • Breast [105] Mir-34, Mir-34α • Brain [106] • Pancreatic [107] • Colon [108] Mir-145 • Brain [109] LncRNA-ROR • Liver [110] | • Prostate [111] • Gastric [112] |
Self-renewal | Yes [113] | Yes [113] | Yes [113] | Â |
DNA repair | Yes [114] | Yes [114] | Altered by adaptation to environments, hypoxia condition and cell cycle [114,115,116,117] | |
Microenviromental protection by niche from noxious agents | Yes [118] | Yes [118] | ||
plasticity | Affected by differentiation and dedifferentiation states [121] | • Epithetical mesenchymal transition can self-renewal acquisition. • Dedifferentiation and mutation accumulation in committed cells [122]. | ||