Table 1 NATs in the hallmarks of cancer
NAT | Preferential localization | Cancer type | Mechanism | Hallmark | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HOTAIR | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types | Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge PTM | Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis Genome instability and mutation Tumor-promoting inflammation | |
HOXA11-AS | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types | Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Tumor-promoting inflammation | |
ZEB1-AS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types | Epigenetic modifications miRNA sponge | Sustaining proliferative signaling Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis | |
KHPS1 | Nucleus | Various types | Epigenetic modification | Resistance to cell death Tumor-promoting inflammation Reprogramming energy metabolism | |
NAT of PTEN | Nucleus | Various types | Epigenetic modification | Evasion of growth suppressors | [56] |
AIRN | Nucleus | Various types | Transcriptional interference | Evasion of growth suppressors | |
GNG12-AS | Nucleus | Breast cancer | Transcriptional interference | Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis | [63] |
EGOT | Nucleus | Breast cancer | Alternative splicing | Resistance to cell death | [67] |
ZEB2-AS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types | Alternative splicing promotes mRNA stability and translatability PTM | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis | |
PCA3 | Nucleus | Prostate cancer | RNA editing | Evasion of growth suppressors | [71] |
HIF1A-AS2 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Various types | RNA editing miRNA sponge | Induction of angiogenesis Tumor-promoting inflammation Reprogramming energy metabolism | |
GLS-AS | Cytoplasm | Pancreatic cancer | RNAi | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Reprogramming energy metabolism | [80] |
PDCD4-AS1 | Nucleus | Breast cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Activation of invasion and metastasis | [82] |
KRT7-AS1 | Nucleus | Gastric cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis | [83] |
DHPS | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Gastric cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Sustaining proliferative signaling | [15] |
NAT of BCMA | Cytoplasm | Mlultiple myeloma | Translational interference | Resistance to cell death Tumor-promoting inflammation | |
NAT of PU.1 | Cytoplasm | Leukemia | Translational interference | Enabling replicative immortality | |
ZFAS1 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Osteosarcoma,colorectal cancer | Epigenetic modification miRNA sponge | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis Induction of angiogenesis | |
SOX9-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | miRNA sponge | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis | [90] |
ASB16-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Gastric cancer | PTM | Sustaining proliferative signaling Resistance to cell death | [95] |
RHPN1-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Cervical cancer | miRNA sponge | Activation of invasion and metastasis | [104] |
MYLK-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | PTM | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis | [105] |
PANDAR | Nucleus | Ovarian cancer | Alternative splicing PTM | Evasion of growth suppressors | [109] |
WRAP53α | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Breast cancer | promotes mRNA stability | Evasion of growth suppressors Resistance to cell death | [110] |
FOXD2-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Thyroid cancer | miRNA sponge | Enabling replicative immortality | [113] |
TP73-AS1 | Nucleus | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer | Epigenetic modification | Resistance to cell death Activation of invasion and metastasis | |
HAGLROS | Cytoplasm | Colorectal cancer | miRNA sponge PTM | Resistance to cell death | [121] |
HOXD-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Lung cancer | miRNA sponge | Sustaining proliferative signaling Activation of invasion and metastasis | [128] |
RAD51-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Translational interference | Genome instability and mutation | [145] |
WRAP53β | Cytoplasm | Various types | PTM | Genome instability and mutation | [167] |
SIRT1-AS | Cytoplasm | Hepatocellular carcinoma | miRNA sponge | Activation of invasion and metastasis Genome instability and mutation | [151] |
NKX2-1-AS1 | Nucleus | Lung cancer | Binding decoy | Avoidance of immune detection and destruction | [154] |
ITIH4-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Colorectal cancer | PTM | Tumor-promoting inflammation | [169] |
IDH1-AS1 | Cytoplasm | Cervical cancer | Physical interference | Reprogramming energy metabolism | [176] |