Fig. 3

Schematic representation of key VEGF/VEGFR signal transduction pathways. Proliferation: VEGFR can interact with Grab/Src/Gab1/Shb/PKCγ to activate RAF/MEK/MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, and promote the proliferation of endothelial cells. Migration and invasion: VEGFR can activate PI3K/AKT by binding to cdc42, Rho, and RacGTPases, and promotes the migration and invasion of endothelial cells. Permeability: VEGFR can enhance blood vessel permeability by activating NFAT/β-catenin/VE-cadherin, and eNOS. Vasculogenic mimicry: VEGFR can promote EMT-induced vasculogenic mimicry by upregulating the expression of EMT-related genes