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Fig. 1 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 1

From: Synergistic antitumor interaction of valproic acid and simvastatin sensitizes prostate cancer to docetaxel by targeting CSCs compartment via YAP inhibition

Fig. 1

Combination of valproic acid and simvastatin induces antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effect in 2D and 3D PCa models. a CI values (means ± SD from at least three separate experiments performed in quadruplicates) computed at 50% of cell kill (CI50) by CalcuSyn software after 96 h of treatment. Combinations were considered synergistic when CIs were below 0.9. b DU145R80 cells were treated for 96 h with increasing concentrations of SIM alone or with increasing doses of VPA and compared with DU145 treated with SIM alone. Cell growth expressed as percentage of control was assessed by sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay (see Methods). c Apoptosis, evaluated by Caspase 3/7 activity assay, in PC3, 22Rv1, DU145, DU145R80, LNCaP and EPN cells untreated or treated for 24 h with VPA and/or SIM at the respective IC5096h doses (see Supplementary Table S1) and evaluated by luminescence assay. d Soft agar clonogenic assay of 22Rv1 cells, untreated or treated with VPA and SIM alone and in combination at 1 mM and 2,5 μM respectively (IC2596h values). Colonies of > 100 μm were scored by a colony counter. Right: images from a representative experiment; left: values are the means ± S.D. from at least three independent experiments. e 22Rv1 cells (40,000/mL) were seeded in sphere medium in low attachment 96 multiwell. Spheres A: cells plated and concomitantly untreated or treated with VPA and/or SIM at the respective IC5096h doses for 72 h. Spheres B: cells grown for 72 h then disaggregated and plated again in the presence of drugs for 72 h. Spheres C: spheres allowed to grow for 72 h and then treated for 72 h. Spheroids viability was assessed by luminescence assay. The values are the means ± S.D. from at least three independent experiments. Statistically significant results are reported (*** indicates P < 0.0005, ** indicates P < 0.005 and * indicates P < 0.05)

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