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Table 3 The roles of ecDNA in tumorigenesis

From: Novel insights into extrachromosomal DNA: redefining the onco-drivers of tumor progression

Cancer

Oncogene amplification via ecDNA

The connection between ecDNA and tumorigenesis

Reference

Neuroblastoma

MYCN

ecDNA remodels the chromosomal genome and affects chromosomal gene expression, including oncogenes and tumor suppressors

[64]

Glioblastoma

MYC, EGFR, PDGFRα, ERBB2, CDK4, MDM2

The oncogenes residing on ecDNA are dynamically regulated to evade therapy

[63, 65]

Colon cancer

DHFR

Tumor cells upregulate DHFR amplification via ecDNA to develop drug resistance

[66,67,68]

Ovarian cancer

MYCN, EIF5AR

The noncoding regions of ecDNA may regulate gene expression

[69]

Breast cancer

HER2

Dynamic regulation of oncogenes residing on ecDNA is not supported by HER2

[70]