Fig. 2

ATF3 regulates invasion and proliferation in PCa cells (a-b) MTT assay using 2 different shATF3s (shATF3 #1 and shATF3 #2) indicate suppressing ATF3 could increase cell growth in C4–2 cells (upper) and in CWR22Rv-1 cells (lower). c MTT assay indicates oeATF3 in C4–2 (upper) and CWR22Rv1 (lower) cells reduces cell growth. d-e Invasion assay shows using shATF3 #1 and shATF3 #2 to knock down ATF3 increases cell invasion in C4–2 (right) and CWR22Rv1 (left) cells. f Overexpression of ATF3 (oeATF3) in C4–2 (left) and CWR22Rv1 (right) can decrease cell invasion. g-h Transwell assays show that ASC-J9® could suppress PCa invasion via increased ATF3, then adding shATF3 could interrupt ASC-J9® effect to further increase invasive cells in C4–2 (g) and CWR-22Rv1 (h) cells. i MTT analysis shows knock down of ATF3 in C4–2 and CWR22Rv1 cells reversed ASC-J9® treatment effects. j Kaplan-Meier plot demonstrates high ATF3 shows higher recurrence free percentage. k IHC from patients’ samples show ATF3 expression in ADPC (early stage) is higher than CRPC (late stage) patients, magnification, X200. l GEO dataset t analysis (GDS2545, S1439, S3289) indicate ATF3 expression decreases with progression of malignancy. For d-g and k, quantitations are below or right of images. Data represent the mean ± SD in (A-I). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ns = not significant by Student t test or one-way ANOVA)