Fig. 1

Cellular vaccine with TAA-engineered T cells in anti-glioma clinical trial. In glioma treatment, particularly, recurrent GBM, therapy with TAA-engineered T cells mainly uses chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and DNA methylation-induced technology. For CAR-engineered T cells, single-chain variable fragments (scFv) of cell-surface receptor-engineered T cells mainly include IL13Rα2, EGFRvIII and HER2 selective ligands. In addition, treatment with DNA-demethylating agents, such as 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine, facilitates CT antigen expression and constitutes an attractive immunological target for cancer immunotherapy. E13Y, IL13Ra2-selective ligand IL13; FRP5, HER2-specific MAb; CD4tm, CD4 transmembrane domain; CD8tm, CD8 transmembrane domain; 4-1BB, CD137 cytoplasmic signaling domain; CD3ζ, cytoplasmic signaling domain sequences