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Fig. 1 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 1

From: Preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities in the era of precision medicine

Fig. 1

Difficulties in the preclinical modeling of PDAC. Figure was produced using Servier Medical Art (http://smart.servier.com/). a When establishing a preclinical model library, intertumoral heterogeneity at the multiomic level highlights the significance of cohort size, while intratumoral heterogeneity in temporal (subclonal evolution) and spatial (primary tumor and metastasis) dimension requires multiple sampling from individuals. b Complex tumor-stroma interactions and phenotypical heterogeneity of stromal components are major barriers to the recapitulation of the TME. Low immunogenicity and the immunosuppressive sanctuary of PDAC are also difficult for preclinical modeling. c Serial passaging of preclinical models enables the selection of malignant subclones of tumor cells, raising doubts on the application of cells from later passages. (10), (11), (12) and (13) denote reference [10,11,12,13], respectively. PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TME, tumor microenvironment; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; PSC, pancreatic stellate cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cell

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