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Fig. 2 | Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research

Fig. 2

From: Preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities in the era of precision medicine

Fig. 2

Choices of preclinical models for use in preclinical studies and precision medicine of PDAC. Figure was produced using Servier Medical Art (http://smart.servier.com/). Clonal and expandable models are used in basic researches to decipher the molecular mechanism of distinct tumor behavior. Cell line or organoid-based co-culture of PDAC with TME components could be exploited in study of tumor-stoma interaction. As a core target of translational research, the prediction of genotype-drug response mainly relies on model-specific high-throughput sequencing and drug screening. Recently, more focus has been directed to personalized therapy development based on patient-derived cell lines, organoids and xenografts. 3D models excel 2D cell culture in structural and physiological consistency with naturally growing tumor and will play a more important role in precision medicine of PDAC. Of all the preclinical models, use of early passages could minimize genetic and functional drift away from the primary tumor. PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; TIL, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; GEMM, genetically engineered mouse model; PDCL, patient-derived cell line; PDO, patient-derived organoid; PDX, patient-derived xenograft

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