| Cell lines | Organoids | PDX | GEMM |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intertumoral heterogeneity | Between tumor cell lines (database available) | Between sampled cases | Between sampled cases | – |
Intratumoral heterogeneity | – | Depend on sampling region | Depend on sampling region | +++ |
Tumor-stroma interaction | + (Co-culture) | ++ (Co-culture) | ++ | +++ |
Consistency during passages | + | ++ | +++ | +++ |
Expansion | +++ | +++ | ++ | + |
Genetic manipulation | +++ | +++ | + (Before transplantation) | ++ |
High throughput screening | +++ | + (Costly) | + (Costly) | – |
Success rate of initiation | ++ | ++ | ++ | +++ |
Cost | $ | $$ | $$ | $$$ |
Time | 1 month or less | 1–2 months | More than 6 months | More than 6 months |
Other strengths | Standardized across laboratories | Cultured from diverse cells or tissue | Mirror patient response to targeted therapy | Model all stages of tumor progression |
Other weaknesses | Finite number of widely-available cell lines | Lack high quality clinical trials | Lack infiltrating immune cells, Loss of original stroma, Only represent resectable lesion | Mouse genomic background different from human |