Fig. 2
From: Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system
Microbiota metabolites are related to tumor development. Pro-inflammatory pathways are activated when the mucosal barrier is broken. The loss of the boundary between the host and the microorganism is related to the pattern recognition receptor signaling cascade. The feedforward circuit of chronic inflammation mediated by NF-kB and STAT3 signal transduction promotes canceration in transformed cells and non-tumor cells. Microbial PAMP activate TLR signaling in a variety of cell types, leading to cytokine production and NF-kB-mediated inflammation, thereby exacerbating tumor growth