Cytosolic sensor STING in mucosal immunity: a master regulator of gut inflammation and carcinogenesis

Table 1 Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of STING protein

Type of PTMs	Sites	Enzyme	Consequences	Ref
STING protein
Phosphorylation	Y245	SRC	dimerization and stability of STING	26
	S358	TBK1	Recruitment of TBK1	27
	S366	TBK1	Recruitment of IRF3	27
	S366	ULK1	Induces degradation of STING	28
Dephosphorylation	Y245	PTPN1/2	Degradation by a proteasome pathway	29
Dephosphorylation	S358	ULK1	Suppression of STING activity	30
Ubiquitination
K11-linked polyubiquitination	K150	RNF26	Promotes stability of STING	31
K27-linked polyubiquitination	K137/150/ 224/236	AMFR	Promotes recruitment of SITNG	32
K63-linked polyubiquitination	K20/150/ 224/236	TRIM32	promotes the interaction of STING with TBK1	33
K63-linked polyubiquitination	K224/236/ 289/338	MUL1	Enhances trafficking of STING	34
K63-linked polyubiquitination	K150	TRIM56	Recruitment of TBK1 and induction of INF-β	35
K48-linked polyubiquitination	K275	TRIM30α	Proteasomal degradation of STING	36
K48-linked polyubiquitination	K150	RNF5	Proteasomal degradation of STING	37
Palmitoylation	C88/91	DHHC	Enhances trafficking of STING and type I IFN response	38
Nitro- alkylation	C88/91	N.D.	Inhibits normal palmitoylation process	39
Carbonylation	C88	GPX4	inhibition of STING trafficking from the ER to the Golgi	40
Sumoylation	K338	TRIM38	Promotes oligomerization and stability of STING	41
Desumoylation	K388	SENP2	Lysosomal degradation of STING	41
Oxidation	C147	ROS	Inhibition of STING polymerization	42

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