Fig. 1

MT induces ER stress-associated upregulation of FGF19 in HNSCC cells. a The inhibitory effect of MT on cell viability determined after three-day treatment. b The inducible effect of MT on apoptosis determined by Annexin V FITC/PI staining after two-day treatment. Representative results and quantitative data from three independent experiments are shown in the left and right panels, respectively. c The effect of MT on the cleavage of Caspase 3 and Caspase 12 determined after two-day treatment. d The level changes in ER stress markers within the first 12 h following MT treatment. e The activation of elF2α-ATF4 signaling within the first 12 h following MT treatment. f The activation of FGF19-FGFR4 axis within the first 12 h following MT treatment. g Increased FGF19 mRNA expression within the first 12 h following MT treatment. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01