Fig. 8

Schematic diagram depicting the proposed molecular mechanism of NORAD in PCa. The expression of NORAD in PCa was high and inhibited miR-541-3p, thereby promoting the expression of PKM2 in PCa cells and PCa cell derived-EVs. The increased PKM2 in PCa cells promoted the phosphorylation of SNAP-23 and formed SNARE complex to promote the release of EVs. The increased PKM2 in EVs promoted the generation of ATP in EVs and the internalization of EVs, thereby affecting the bone matrix and promoting bone metastasis