Fig. 4
From: Underlying mechanisms and drug intervention strategies for the tumour microenvironment
Intervention of immunotherapy on the TME. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody consumes regulatory T cells and removes Tregs. The use of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) inhibitors and anti-PD-L1 antibodies can reduce the TGF-β signal and promote the infiltration of T cells into the cancer centre. Plerixafor inhibits CXCR4 and reduces cancer spread and angiogenesis. Embelin can regulate the cancer-immune microenvironment by increasing the infiltration of Th1 cells, NK cells, CTLs, γδT cells and NKT cells, reducing the infiltration of Th17, PMN-MDSCs, and IL-8- and IL-6-positive immune cells. Anti-c-FMS antibody affects the establishment of breast cancer cells in bone