Fig. 6
From: Underlying mechanisms and drug intervention strategies for the tumour microenvironment
Intervention of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine on the TME. Curcumin inhibits VEGF, IL-6 and cancer stem cells in vivo and in vitro. Ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) can regulate the phenotype of TAMs to improve the TME. Dihydrodiosgenin (DYDIO) can inhibit platelet activation and reduce endothelial cell-derived factor VIII (FVIII). Cordycepin can target CSCs and upregulate the apoptosis of cancer cells. Shikonin reduces cancer-derived exosomes to inhibit the spread of breast cancer cell lines. Wogonin inhibits the transformation of EMT into the epithelial stroma by interfering with the IL-6/STAT3 signalling pathway. Sophoridine can inhibit macrophage-mediated immunosuppression through the TLR4/IRF3 pathway and then upregulate the killing effect of CD8+ T cells on gastric cancer. Salvianolic acid A can block the secretion of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and inhibit angiogenesis. Triptolide (TP) inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. Berberine can mediate the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway, thus inhibiting EMT and promoting apoptosis