Fig. 2

YAP enhances autophagy under rapamycin- or starvation- induced conditions. a Representative immunoblots of LC3 and p62 levels in vector and YAP over-expression U251 cells with or without Rap or Rap plus CQ treatment. b After having been transfected with GFP-LC3 for 24 h, fluorescence micrographs of vector and YAP over-expression cells were taken at indicated time and representative images were shown. Scale bar: 50 μm. c Cells were cultured in normal medium (no treat), EBSS (ND) or EBSS+CQ (ND + CQ) for 2 h. Representative fluorescence micrographs of vector and YAP cells expressing GFP-LC3. Scale bar: 50 μm. d Quantification of GFP-LC3 puncta in U251 cells presented in (c). e Representative electron micrographs of vector and YAP over-expression U251 cells treated with Rap. White arrowhead indicated AP; Blue arrowhead indicated AL. Scale bar: 2 μm. f & g Quantification of total AVs (f), AP and AL (g) of U251 cells presented in (e). h Having been transfected with pEGFP-RFP-LC3 for 24 h, cells were cultured for 2 h in EBSS (ND 2 h). Representative confocal fluorescence micrographs of vector and YAP over-expression U251 cells. Scale bar: 20 μm. i Quantification result of U251 cells presented in (h). The results were representative of experiments repeated at least three times and presented as mean ± SD.*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001